19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
The 19th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
| 19th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | August 28, 1861 – July 22, 1865 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Union |
| Branch | Infantry |
| Engagements | Siege of Yorktown Battle of Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Battle of White Oak Swamp Battle of Antietam Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Gettysburg Bristoe Campaign Mine Run Campaign Battle of the Wilderness Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Battle of Totopotomoy Creek Battle of Cold Harbor Siege of Petersburg First Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Ream's Station Battle of Boydton Plank Road Appomattox Campaign Battle of Sutherland's Station Battle of Sailor's Creek Battle of Appomattox Court House |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Col. Edward W. Hincks Lt. Col. Arthur F. Devereux |
| Insignia | |
| II Corps (2nd Division) badge |  |
Massachusetts U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 | |
|---|---|
| Previous | Next |
| 18th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment | 20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment |
_-_Photographed_by_John_P._Soule%252C_199_Washn._St.%252C_Boston_LCCN2016646116.jpg.webp)
Service history
The 19th Massachusetts was organized at Camp Schouler in Lynnfield, Massachusetts in April 1861.[1] The Nineteenth was largely composed of Essex County men. Its core began as three companies of the state militia's 1st Battalion Massachusetts Rifles from Essex County.[2]
Initial training
The three militia Rifle companies were Company A from West Newbury, B from Newburyport, and C from Rowley. Seven other companies were recruited. D, E, and I were recruited in Boston. F and G were men from Middlesex, Cambridge and Lowell respectively. Company H was recruited in Roxbury. The final, tenth company, Company K, was formed from the Tiger Fire Zouaves of Boston.[3]
Men in the regiment were initially issued uniforms from the stocks of the dark-green militia rifle coats that would be replaced by the standard U.S. blue frock or sack coats that were issued just before the Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862. These stocks were soon depleted so that most of the companies other than the first three and last were without uniforms.[4] Up until August 1, the regiment was slowly building up. The Commonwealth issued the new recruits either Model 1841 Mississippi rifles that had been upgraded with sights, bayonets, and new bores from the existing stocks within the Essex and Middlesex armories or Model 1842 Springfield smoothbore muskets from armories in Boston and Middlesex.[1]
The regiment followed the standard structure of the three-year volunteer regiments of ten companies of 83-101 men (which could be split into two battalions on an ad hoc basis) and a field staff of 36-66.[5] The officers were divided into field staff who ran the regiment and battalions and the line or company officers who ran the companies.
On August 1, the 19th received its colonel, Edward W. Hincks, and as its lieutenant colonel, Arthur F. Devereux.[6] Both men had prior militia and federal experience. Colonel Hinks, originally from Maine, had moved from Bangor to Boston as a printer in 1849. By 1855, he had been a state legislator and a Boston city councilor. He had affiliated and drilled in the Commonwealth's militia service with the 8th Militia Regiment as one of the regiment's field officers,[7] and commanded the Eighth Regiment during its three months' service from April to July 1861. Lieutenant Colonel Devereux had also mobilized with Hincks as commander of the regiment's Company J, which had historically been the Salem Light Infantry but Devereux had outfitted and trained as the Salem Zouaves.[8] The same order that assigned Hincks as the colonel, also named the Nineteenth as "the proper rendezvous for all members of the Eighth Regiment desirous of again enlisting in the service of the country."[4]
Hincks and Devereux were both experienced militia officers who had already seen service when the 8th Militia Regiment had been mobilized for 90-days service in April of 1861. The 8th had earned a good reputation for discipline, drill , and ability. Deverux's company of Salem Zouaves had a reputation as one of the best drilled companies in the Commonwealth.[9] The 8th had mustered out on July 29th and Hincks, Devereux, and the Salem Zouaves re-enlisted upon their return and immediately reported to the training camp in Lynnfield.[10] The injection of Devereux and his Zouaves into the regiment led many to realize their prior training had been inadequate. Hincks and Devereux remedied the situation by assigning a Salem Zouave to each company as the drill sergeant. The non-commissioned officers (NCOs) from this company also were commissioned and assigned to each company. By the end of their time in Lynnfield, every company in the regiment had officers and NCOs who had served 90-day service in the 8th Massachusetts Militia's Salem Zouaves.[11]
In the camp, the regiment turned in most of their Windsor, Vermont produced Model 1841s and received the Model 1856 Enfield Rifle. Also known as "the 2-band Enfield" and "Sergeants' Rifle," it was the rifle thst the British army issued ti its rifle regiments and to sergeants in its line battalions.[12] A handful of the Model 1841s that were in excellent condition and had been modified to .58 caliber and with rear sights and bayonets were retained, but most of the men received the new rifles and were impressed with them.[13]
Due to a lack of personnel and infrastructure ready when the war began, the federal government left the recruiting, equipping, and providing of recruits to the states with reimbursement to come from the federal level upon muster into federal service.[14] Since the states were handling the process, existing militia companies building to full-strength followed the existing militia practice of voting in new recruits which made recruitment slower than the new volunteer companies in the regiment.[15] The recruiting for the militia companies nd the nw volunteer companies were working slowly when the defeat at Bull Run shook Washington, DC.[16] In response, on July 22, Lincoln authorized the call-up of 500,000 more three-year enlistments. The debacle spurred the The next day, the Secretary of War issued a call for all available regiments and detachments to be hurried forward at once.[17]
The salting of the regiment's companies with Salem Zouaves and other veterans of the Eighth injected a new vim and vigor into recruitment and training.[18] The capable veterans brought a renewed sense of purpose and ramped up the training with the all field officers receiving their commissions by August 3rd and the last of the staff and line officers on August 22nd.[19] Despite still lacking its full paper strength,[20] the regiment mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on August 28, 1861, under the command of Colonel Hinks. The plan was to continue recruiting to bring the regiment up to strength in Massachusetts and send the recruits on in groups of drafts.[21] The regiment left for Washington, DC on that day and spent the next two days in transit to New Jersey Avenue Station in Washington, DC.
1861 Deployment
The regiment was attached to Lander's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Lander's Brigade, Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to June 1865.
Post-war
The 19th Massachusetts mustered out of service on June 30, 1865, and was discharged July 22, 1865.
Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties
List of battles
The official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:[22]
- Siege of Yorktown
- Battle of Seven Pines
- Seven Days Battles
- Battle of White Oak Swamp
- Battle of Antietam
- Battle of Fredericksburg
- Battle of Chancellorsville
- Battle of Gettysburg
- Bristoe Campaign
- Mine Run Campaign
- Battle of the Wilderness
- Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
- Battle of Totopotomoy Creek
- Battle of Cold Harbor
- Siege of Petersburg
- First Battle of Deep Bottom
- Second Battle of Deep Bottom
- Second Battle of Ream's Station
- Battle of Boydton Plank Road
- Appomattox Campaign
- Battle of Sutherland's Station
- Battle of Sailor's Creek
- Battle of Appomattox Court House
Detailed service
1861
- Left Massachusetts for Washington, D.C., August 30.
- Camp at Meridian Hill until September 12, 1861.
- Moved to Poolesville, Md., September 12–15.
- Guard duty on the Upper Potomac until December.
- Operations on the Potomac October 21–24.
- Action at Ball's Bluff October 21.
- Moved to Muddy Run December 4, and duty there until March 12, 1862.
1862
- Moved to Harpers Ferry, then to Charlestown and Berryville March 12–15.
- Ordered to Washington, D.C., March 24, and to the Peninsula March 27.
- Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4.
- West Point May 7–8.
- Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1.
- Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1.
- Oak Grove, near Fair Oaks, June 25.
- Peach Orchard and Savage Station June 29.
- White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30.
- Malvern Hill July 1.
- Harrison's Landing July 8. At Harrison's Landing until August 15.
- Movement to Alexandria August 15–28, thence to Fairfax Court House August 28–31.
- Cover Pope's retreat from Bull Run August 31-September 1.
- Maryland Campaign September–October.
- Battle of South Mountain September 14 (reserve).
- Battle of Antietam September 16–17.
- Moved to Harpers Ferry September 22, and duty there until October 30.
- Advance up Loudon Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17.
- Battle of Fredericksburg December 11–15. (Forlorn Hope to cross Rappahannock at Fredericksburg December 11.)[23]
- Duty at Falmouth, Va., until April 1863.
1863
- Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6.
- Maryes' Heights. Fredericksburg, May 3.
- Salem Heights May 3–4.
- Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24.
- Battle of Gettysburg July 2–4,[24]
- Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13–17.
- Bristoe Campaign October 9–22.
- Bristoe Station October 14.
- Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8.
- Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.
- Robertson's Tavern, or Locust Grove, November 27.
- At Stevensburg until May 1864.
1864
- Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6–7.
- Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May–June.
- Battles of the Wilderness May 5–7.
- Laurel Hill May 8.
- Spotsylvania May 8–12.
- Po River May 10.
- Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21.
- Assault on the Salient May 12.
- North Anna River May 23–26.[25]
- On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28.
- Totopotomoy May 28–31.
- Cold Harbor June 1–12.
- Before Petersburg June 16–18.
- Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.
- Jerusalem Plank Road June 22–23, 1864.
- Demonstration north of the James July 27–29.
- Deep Bottom July 27–28.
- Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14–18.
- Ream's Station August 25.
- Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27–28.
- Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865.
1865
- Watkin's House March 25.
- Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.
- Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2.
- Sailor's Creek April 6.
- High Bridge and Farmville April 7.
- Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army.
- At Burkesville until May 2.
- March to Washington May 2–13.
- Grand Review of the Armies May 23.
- Duty at Washington until June 30.
Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 294 men during service; 14 officers and 147 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 133 enlisted men died of disease.
Commanders
- Colonel Edward Winslow Hinks[26]
- Colonel Arthur Forrester Devereux
- Lt. Colonel Edmund Rice
Armament
Soldiers in the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Rifles, the threee core Essex County militia companies were armed with Model 1841 Mississippi rifles.[27] These rifles had been manufactured by contract in 1844 in Windsor, Vermont by the Robbins and Lawrence Armory (R&L)[28] which had also made the 1855 modifications of increasing the bore to .58 and fitting them with a sword bayonet.[29] The 19th Massachusetts was an 1861, Army of the Potomac, three-year volunteer regiment built around a core of prewar militia, that greatly increased the number of men under arms in the federal army. As with many of these volunteers, initially, there were not enough Model 1841s to go around so the 15th, 16th and 19th were issued a mix of imported and Robbins and Lawrence produced Pattern 1856 Enfield short rifle.[30] These were the standard rifles for the British army Sergeants in line battalions and the rifle regiments.[31] The similar size to the M1841 (they both had 33-inch barrels) meant that the three regiments were issued the P1856. The 1856 Enfield was a .577 calibre Minié-type muzzle-loading rifle that like all other nominal .577 caliber weapons could fire U.S. government issued .58 paper cartridges. It was used by both armies and was the second most widely used Enfield in the Union forces. By the time of the Peninsula campaign, the Model 1841s had been turned back in to the Commonwealth so that the regiment had been completely issued the 1856 Enfield with the saber bayonet.[32]
Rifle-muskets
Uniform
The men of the regiment were issued their initial uniforms as they became avbailable during training in Augusta. They were issued dark blue Cavalry shell jackets, sky blue cavalry trousers (with reinforced seat), and the sky blue Cavalry winter overcoat (with a shorter cape than the infantry version. From photographs in the regimental history, the Hardee hat and slouch hat seemed to be more common than the kepi, or forage cap, among the regiment.
Notable members
- Adolphus Greely[33] - Medal of Honor recipient in recognition of his long and distinguished career; the second person to be awarded the Medal of Honor for "lifetime achievement"[34][35][36][37]
- Edmund Rice[38] - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3[39][34][35][36][37]
- John G. B. Adams,[40] Company I - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Fredericksburg[41][34][35][36][37]
- Benjamin Franklin Falls, Company A - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3;[34][35][36][37] killed in action at the Battle of Spotsylvania
- Benjamin H. Jellison, Company C - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3
- Joseph H. De Castro, Company I - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3;[34][35][36][37] the first Hispanic-American to be awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat
- John H. Robinson, Company I - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3[42][34][35][36][37]
- Dr. J. Franklin Dyer, author of The Journal of a Civil War Surgeon (2003)[43]
Monuments and memorials
During the 1880s, planning was undertaken to erect a monument on the Gettysburg National Battlefield which would honor the 1863 service of the 19th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry at Gettysburg. That 7-foot tall monument, with a carved relief of a cartridge box on its top and of a bugle and knapsack on its slanting front face was subsequently produced by Smith Granite Company in Westerly, Rhode Island. It was dedicated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1885. The granite monument is located on Hancock Avenue at 39.811503°N 77.235416°W near the Copse of Trees.
Notes
- Schouler (1861), p. 44-45.
- Adams (1899), p. 1-2; McWhiney & Jamieson (1982), p. 52; Hall (1900), p. 470; Schouler (1868), p. 82, 190
The men of this battalion initialloy expected deployment to defend Washington, DC, as the 3rd Battalion, based in Worcester County had done so. The 3rd Battalion had already departed, having completed the required quota from Massachusetts under that initial call.
The term "rifles" was a designation frequently given to antebellum militia companies which trained in the use of rifled muskets—a relatively new innovation at the time—as opposed to smoothbore muskets. Only minor differences in training and tactics differentiated such units from a typical infantry company of the time. During the 1840s, "rifle" companies were often expected to train and serve as skirmishers in open order, however by the Civil War, United States army tactics manuals made no distinction between a company of "rifles" and a typical infantry company. - Adams (1899), p. 5; McAfee (2013), p. 77; Waitt (1906), p. 30
A history of the regiment noted that members of this company wore a Zouave uniform of light blue baggy trousers, yellow leather leggings, with dark blue jackets with buttons and dark blue fez caps. They apparently retained the company-unique uniform until 1862. - Waitt (1906), p. 3.
- Schouler (1861), p. 26-29,
Cavalry regiments were organized with twelve companies of 60-80 troopers. The extra two companies, or troops, led to a volunteer cavalry regiment being slightly smaller in total compared to an infantry regiment. - Massachusetts Adjutant General, Vol II, (1931), p. 411.
- Nason (1910), p. 231-234.
- Nason (1910), p. 246-252; Whipple (1890), p. 128-134.
- Nason (1910), p. 246-252; Whipple (1890), p. 134-138.
- Waitt (1906), p. 5-6.
- Waitt (1906), p. 37; Whipple (1890), p. 138-139.
- RIA, Pattern 1856 Percussion Short Rifle, (2020),
The Federal and state governments in the U.S. (notably Massachusetts) purchased approximately 8,000 P1856 Short Rifles during the Civil War. - Hess (2008), p. 36-44; Waitt (1906), p. 27.
- Huston (1966), p. 163-164.
- Adams (1899), p. 4-5.
- Nason (1910), p. 232-233.
- Rawley (1989), p. 58.
- Waitt (1906), p. 4.
- Dyer (1908), p. 1215–1216; Higginson (1896), p. 255-268; Higginson (1895), p. 440-500.
- Bowen (1889), p. 293.
- Adams (1899), p. 4.
- Dyer (1908), p. 1215–1216; Higginson (1896), p. 255-268.
- Headley (1866), p. 264; Newcomb (1883), p. 106-118.
- Root et al. (2006), p. 237.
- Adams (1899), p. 104; Hodgkins (1994), p. 178; Waitt (1906), p. 320.
- Nason (1910), p. 264.
- Adams (1899), p. 2,
Adams refers to these as "Winsor" muskets. - College Hill Arsenal (2018).
- Owens (1976), p. 29,
The company's first order was for 10,000 model 1841 rifles for $11.90 each. R&L also received the contract to upgrade the M1841s they made in the 1855-1856 upgrade.
They had also been able to sell gun making machinery (150 in all), to upgrade the new Enfield Armory in England. The British also awarded a later contract during the Crimean War for 25,000 Enfield P1853 and P1856e rifles. The contract's stiff penalty clause for missing the production schedule caused R&L to go bankrupt in 1859. Lamon, Goodnow and Yale (LG&Y) bought the factory to make sewing machines, but the onset of the war led them to continue producing the P1853, P1856, and licensed Sharps 1859s for the duration of the war. - RIA, Pattern 1856 Percussion Short Rifle, (2020).
- CHA, Windsor Enfield By Robbins & Lawrence P1853, (2020).
- Mink, Armament in the Army of the Potomac, (2008), p.41.
- Johnson (1906), Vol. IV, Ericsson–Gwinnett, p. 404-405.
- Sightline Media Group (2020).
- VCOnline (2020).
- CMOHS (2014).
- The National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation (2020).
- Brigadier-General Edmund Rice, Obituary, The Reveille, January, 1907.
- Hanna (2010), p. 213-219; Waitt (1906), p. 240, 242.
- Johnson (1906), Vol. I, Abbe–Browne, p. 46.
- Adams (1899), p. 53-54; Waitt (1906), p. 18.
- Hanna (2010), p. 229-230; Waitt (1906), p. 36.
- Dyer (2003), p. 200.
References
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- "Hall of Valor: The Military Medals Database". The Hall of Valor Project. Sightline Media Group. 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
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- "46th MASS Marked M-1841 Mississippi Rifle". College Hill Arsenal. College Hill Arsenal. 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
- "Fine & Scarce Windsor Enfield By Robbins & Lawrence". College Hill Arsenal. College Hill Arsenal. 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
- "Lot 3156: Exceptional Civil War Tower Pattern 1856 Percussion Short Rifle". Rock Island Auction. Rock Island Auction. 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2022.