South Korean animation

South Korean animation, or aeni (/ˈæni/; Korean: 애니), has become an industry that produces characters for other countries' companies, exports its creations globally and generates billions of dollars in profits.

South Korean animation
Hangul
애니, 만화영화
Revised Romanizationaeni, manhwa yeonghwa
McCune–Reischaueraeni, manhwa yŏnghwa
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Etymology

The word aeni comes from the English word "animation" as written in Hangeul, 애니메이션 (aenimeisyeon), similar to Japanese アニメーション (animēshon). Just like anime, aenimeisyeon was shorten to aeni. However, aeni usually refers to Japanese animation in colloquial usage,[1] although it can refer to Korean animation or animation in general. To distinguish it from its Japanese counterpart, Korean animation is often called hanguk aeni (Korean: 한국 애니; lit. Korean animation)[2] or guksan aeni (Korean: 국산 애니; lit. domestic animation).[3]

A Sino-Korean term manhwa yeonghwa (Korean: 만화영화; Hanja: 漫畫映畫), a portmanteau of manhwa and the Korean term for movie, is also used as a general term for all animation.[4]

History
Main article: History of Korean animation

The South Korean animation industry was in a period of crisis throughout the 2000s. Depression at the reality of being an industry that the West merely gave factory-type drawing to begin to sink in. This followed the 1990s, a period of explosive growth for the industry when Korean studios made most of their profits from OEM, mostly from the United States, or Japan.[5]

In many ways, 2011 was a bright transitional year for Korean animation, with home-produced animated feature films finally finding box office success in South Korea, instead of facing the usual financial failure. As far as overseas export market is concerned, the likes of Rough Draft Korea (RDK) kept on landing new contracts, which have seen Rough Draft perform the manual work on over 45 popular Western cartoon titles over 16 years.[6]

South Korean animation has boomed in popularity in Eastern Asia with the success of the series Pororo the Little Penguin and Origami Warriors in 2011, leaving fans wanting to discover more Korean animations. This success is due in part to perfecting the Korean animation technique, and financial returns being reinvested into new animated products.

Some Korean animators still blame the booming Korean game industry for draining the animation industry's talent pool,[7] but the box office success of the Korean animated film Leafie[8] in 2011 in South Korea is inspiring a new generation.

Animation industry

Animation contracts for Korean animation studios range from collaboration/minor contribution contracts, to most of the work. The South Korean animation industry can be considered dynamic as there are more than a hundred animation studios. While it is mostly firms in South Korea that contract with Western studios, some of the work is reported to be subcontracted to North Korea as well.[9]

Korean animation characters in public spaces
Tayo bus 'Rudolph'
  • Larva subway was a subway based on and featured a Larva character. It operated from November 2014 until May 2015 on line No. 2. The Seoul government and Metro explained that they wanted to give citizens a chance to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the subways opening.[10]
  • Tayo buses were organized by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, the Bus Transport Business Association, and the animation company which made Tayo the Little Bus for the Public Transportation Day. In 2014, the Seoul Metropolitan Government commissioned buses designed as the characters of Tayo the Little Bus to go around the Gwanghwamun Square area of the city.[11]
  • In 2014, statues of Larva and Pororo the Little Penguin were installed in World Park, which is a square in the Lotte World II Hotel. They were well received by citizens and tourist.[12]

Market

In 2010, according to the Korea Creative Content Agency, the Korean market share of domestic characters was about 28% and the remaining 72% was for foreign characters, such as those from Japan and USA. In 2012, experts predicted that the total market size would grow to ₩10 trillion (equivalent to ₩10.63 trillion or US$9.41 billion in 2017)[13] in the near future .[14] In 2014, the domestic character market share soared to 40% and its value in 2013 had reached ₩8 trillion (equivalent to ₩8.4 trillion or US$7.43 billion in 2017)[13].

Korean characters as international business

Before the emergence of Korean domestic characters, characters that enjoyed popularity were mostly from the United States and Japan.[15] However, as the industry matured and grew in size, domestic characters received preference not just domestically but also internationally.

List

1980s
  • Tteodori Kkachi / 떠돌이 까치 (1987)[16]
  • Kkachi's Wings / 까치의 날개 (1988)[17]
  • Dooly the Little Dinosaur / 아기공룡 둘리 (1987)
  • Fairy Land ABC / 동화나라 ABC (1987)[18]
  • Hello Kitty / 헬로 키티 (1988)[19]
  • Run Hani / 달려라 하니 (1988)[20]
  • Naughty Hani / 천방지축 하니 (1989)[21]
  • 2020 Space Wonder Kiddy / 2020 우주의 원더키디 (1989)[22]
  • Wizard Boy Mutterl / 머털도사 (1989)[23]

1990s
  • Once Upon a Time / 옛날 옛적에 (1990)
  • Yeongsimi / 영심이 (1990)
  • General of the Earth / 흙꼭두장군 (1991)[24]
  • Fly Superboard / 날아라 슈퍼보드 (1991, 1998, 2001)[25]
  • Pink the Fairy / 요정 핑크 (1991)[26]
  • Penking and Linking / 펭킹 라이킹 (1992)
  • Kori, The Son of Wizard / 마법사의 아들 코리 (1993)
  • School of Love / 사랑의 학교 (1994)
  • Koby Koby / 꼬비꼬비 (1995)
  • Dooly's Backpacking / 둘리의 배낭여행 (1995)
  • Dodami and Tori Tori / 도담이와 토리토리 (1995)
  • Duchi and Puku / 두치와 뿌꾸 (1996)
  • Cute Chocomi / 귀여운 쪼꼬미 (1996)
  • Soul Frame Lazenca / 영혼기병 라젠카 (1997)
  • The Green Chariot Hamos / 녹색전차 해모수 (1997)[27]
  • Bio-Cop Wingo / 바이오캅 윙고 (1998)
  • LullaRarra / 룰루라라 (1998)
  • Noodle-Nude / 누들누드 (1998)
  • Speed King Bungae / 스피드왕 번개 (1998)[28]
  • Black Rubber Shoes / 검정 고무신 (1999, 2001, 2004, 2015)
  • Restol, The Special Rescue Squad / 레스톨 특수구조대 (1999)
  • Milo's Adventure / 마일로의 대모험 (1999)[29]

2000s
  • Clover 4/3 / 클로버 4/3 (2000)
  • Pucca web animated series (2000)
  • Taekwon King Kang Tae-Pung / 태권왕 강태풍 (2000)
  • Track City / 트랙시티 (2000)
  • White Heart Beakgu / 하얀마음 백구 (2000)
  • Teanggu and Ulasyong / 탱구와 울라숑 (2001)
  • Unimini Pets / 유니미니펫 (2001)
  • BASToF Syndrome / 바스토프 레몬 (2001)
  • Gifighter Taerang / 기파이터 태랑 (2001)
  • Geisters / 가이스터즈 (2001)
  • Olympus Guardian / 올림포스 가디언 (2002)
  • Super Duper Sumos / 으랏차차 삼총사 (2002)
  • The Legend Of Blue / 바다의 전설 장보고 (2002)
  • Space Hip-hop Duck / 스페이스 힙합덕 (2002)
  • There She Is!! / 떳다 그녀!! (2003)
  • Spheres / 스피어즈 (2003)
  • Guardian Fairy Michel / 수호요정 미셸 (2003)
  • Tank Knights Fortress / 무한 전기 포트 리스 (2003)
  • Hey Yo Yorang / 요랑아 요랑아 (2003)
  • Woobi Boy / 내 친구 우비소년 (2003)
  • Pororo the Little Penguin / 뽀롱뽀롱 뽀로로 (2003)
  • Narong, Fly To The Sky / 뚜루뚜루뚜 나롱이 (2004)
  • Mix Master / 카드왕 믹스마스터 (2005)
  • Maskman / 마스크맨 (2005)
  • Jaedong, Let's Go To School / 재동아 학교가자 (2005)
  • Jang Geum's Dream / 장금이의 꿈 (2005, 2007)
  • Tori GO! GO! / 토리 고! 고! (2006)
  • Bug Fighter / 인조곤충 버그파이터 (2006)
  • Iron kid / 아이언키드 (2006)
  • Kungya Kungya / 쿵야쿵야 (2006)
  • Apple Candy Girl / 애플캔디 걸 (2006)
  • Pucca / 짜장소녀 뿌까 (2006)
  • Revbahaf Kingdom Rebuilding Story / 르브바하프 왕국 재건설기 (2007)
  • Doyajibong / 도야지봉 (2007)
  • Crazy Park / 다오 배찌 붐힐 대소동 (2007)
  • Tai Chi Chasers / 태극천자문 (2007)
  • Petit Petit Muse / 쁘띠쁘띠 뮤즈 (2008)
  • NEW Dooly the Little Dinosaur / 뉴 아기공룡 둘리 (2008)
  • Giga Tribe / 기가 트라이브 (2009)
  • Greensaver / 그린세이버 (2009)
  • Element Hunters / 엘리먼트 헌터 (2009)
  • Rolling Stars / 롤링 스타즈 (2009)
  • YooHoo & Friends / 유후와 친구들 (2009)

2010s
  • My Friend Haechi / 내 친구 해치 (2010)
  • Mix Master: Final Force / 최강 합체 믹스마스터 (2010)
  • Bubblegum Cook / 보글보글쿡 (2010)
  • MetaJets / 메타제트 (2010)
  • Cloud Bread / 구름빵 (2010)
  • The Story of Miho / 미호이야기 (2011)
  • Ghost Messenger / 고스트 메신저 (2011)
  • Art Odyssey / 아트 오디세이 (2011)
  • Eori / 어리이야기 (2011)
  • Cheap Cheonllima Mart / 쌉니다 천리마마트 (2011)
  • Hello Jadoo / 안녕 자두야 (2011)
  • Welcome to Convenience Store / 와라 편의점 (2012)
  • Paboo & Mojies / 빠뿌야 놀자 (2012)
  • NEW Wizard Boy Mutterl / 신 머털도사 (2012)
  • Mask Master / 마스쿨랜드 (2013)
  • School Land / 스쿨랜드 (2013)
  • Don't Let Go of the Mental Rope / 놓지마 정신줄 (2014)
  • Towards Astar Chagu Chagu / 아스타를 향해 차구차구 (2014)
  • Hello Carbot / 헬로 카봇 (2014)
  • Miniforce / 미니특공대 (2014)
  • Turning Mecard / 터닝메카드 (2015)
  • The Sound of Heart / 마음의 소리 (2018) (Naver)
  • DinoCore / 다이노코어 (2016)
  • Flowering Heart / 플라워링 하트 (2016)
  • Elsword: El Lady / 엘소드: 엘의 여인 (2016)
  • Closers: SIDE BLACKLAMBS / 클로저스 (2016)
  • The Haunted House / 신비아파트 (2016) (CJ ENM, Tooniverse)
  • senior class / 졸업반 (2016)
  • Capsule Boy - Protect the Universe / 캡슐보이 - 우주를 지켜라 (2016)
  • Shining Star / 샤이닝스타 (2017)
  • Banzi's Secret Diary / 반지의 비밀일기 (2017)
  • Dinosaur Mecard / 공룡메카드 (2017)
  • Running Man / 런닝맨 (2017, 2019)
  • AEROVER / 에어로버 (2018)
  • Pasha Mecard / 빠샤메카드 (2018)
  • Mashimaro / 마시마로 (2018)
  • Semi in the Magic Cube / 세미와 매직큐브 (2018)
  • Bagel Girl / 어느 날 잠에서 깨어보니 베이글녀가 되어 있었다 (2019) (Laftel)

2020s
  • Hero Circle / 히어로 써클 (2020)[30]
  • Super Secret / 슈퍼 시크릿 (2020) (Laftel, Studio Shelter)[31]
  • Maca & Roni / 마카앤로니 (2021)[32]
  • Dalja, The Vampire Girl / 뱀파이어소녀 달자 (2021)[33]
  • After School Treasure Hunt (Pilot) / 방과후 트레저헌팅 (2021)[34]
  • Gobllin Hill / 도깨비언덕에 왜 왔니?(2021)[35]
  • Semantic Error Special / 시맨틱 에러 스페셜 (2021) (Laftel)[36]
  • My Daughter is a Zombie / 좀비딸 (2022)[37]
  • Toemarok / 퇴마록 (2022)
  • Codename X / 코드네임 X (2022)[38]
  • Battle Marvelians (Series) / 배틀 마블리언즈 (2023-2024)
  • Lookism / 외모지상주의 (2022) (Netflix, Studio Mir)
  • Cubistar / 큐비스타 (202?)[39]
  • Creature Hunters / 크리쳐 헌터스 (2023)[40]
  • Space Shaman Hunters / 스페이스 샤먼 헌터 (202?)[41]

See also

References
  1. "Laftel.net".
  2. Kim, Se Yeong (2017-09-12). ""독창성 사라진 한국 애니…아쉽다"" ["Korean animation has lost originality...a disappointment"]. The Asia Business Daily.
  3. Choe, Jin Hwan (2020-04-07). "국산 애니 '바이트초이카', 18일 첫 방송" [Domestic animation 'Bite-Choicar' airs first episode on the 18th]. Hankook Ilbo.
  4. "만화^영화" [manhwa yeonghwa]. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (revised ed.). National Institute of Korean Language. 2008-10-08.
  5. Applegate, Ben (2012-06-28). "'홍길동에서 뽀로로까지, 대한민국 애니메이션의 역사'". Korea JTBC 뉴스룸.
  6. "Korazy Art Exhibit". Korazy.com.au. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  7. Applegate, Ben (2005-08-19). "Animators gather as industry faces transition". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10.
  8. "Finecut Sells Animated 'Leafie' to U.S., U.K., Australia". The Hollywood Reporter. 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  9. Lee, Sunny (2007-03-14). "US cartoons 'made in North Korea'". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2007-03-21.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. Gang, Jieun (2015-05-29). "지하철 2호선 '라바 열차', 이달 운행 종료" ['Larve subway' on line No.2. End of this month]. Newsis.
  11. Oh, Wonseok (2014-04-02). "서울시'타요버스', 이렇게 찾아요" ['Tayo bus' of Seoul city, find this way]. Bloter.
  12. Song, Hwajung (2014-10-31). "롯데월드몰, 그랜드 오픈 기념 이벤트 풍성" [Lotte world mall grand open was well received]. Asia Economy.
  13. 1906 to 1911: Williamson J., Nominal Wage, Cost of Living, Real Wage and Land Rent Data for Korea 1906-1939 1912 to 1939: Mizoguchi, T. (1972). CONSUMER PRICES AND REAL WAGES IN TAIWAN AND KOREA UNDER JAPANESE RULE. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 13(1), 40-56. Retrieved May 21, 2021. Afterwards, consumer Price index from Statistics Korea. Consumer Price Index by year. Retrieved 3 April 2018
  14. Oh, Daeseok (2014-12-28). "8조 캐릭터 시장, 도약하는 토종 캐릭터" [8 billion character market, Growing domestic character]. Business Post.
  15. Hyeyoung Chu, hyunju Lee, Hyehyun Cho, Mirae Hwang (Winter 2014). "Periodic Features of Korean Character Designs" (PDF). 3.1 Period of Published Cartoon Characters (1980s~1990s).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. https://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=78713
  17. https://m.blog.naver.com/kmc87/200031256
  18. https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?isHttpsRedirect=true&blogId=kbrkjs&logNo=50115734073
  19. https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/11/24/2015112401683.html
  20. https://m.post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo=31522346&memberNo=24202420&searchKeyword=%EC%8A%AC%ED%95%98%20%EB%9C%BB&searchRank=32
  21. https://m.blog.naver.com/mylovekhj83/221294742461
  22. https://m.sedaily.com/NewsView/1VSADSSIW1
  23. https://m.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/1030345.html
  24. https://m.blog.naver.com/ntm567/221753140474
  25. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EdthcyvehnU
  26. https://m.blog.naver.com/kbrkjs/50111316982
  27. https://www.koreafilm.or.kr/library/search/video/00004262
  28. https://m.blog.naver.com/whanfwn7/90188901479
  29. https://www.kmdb.or.kr/db/kor/detail/movie/K/10556
  30. https://www.nextunicorn.kr/company/6d99d8bf013be678?tab=service
  31. https://ridicorp.com/2020/11/ridi-supersecret-part2-open/
  32. https://www.cjenm.com/ko/featured-contents/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%95%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88/
  33. https://program.kbs.co.kr/1tv/culture/dalja/mobile/index.html
  34. https://ingmang.tistory.com/m/entry/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%ED%9B%84-%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%A0%80%ED%97%8C%ED%8C%85-%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C
  35. http://m.blog.yes24.com/hdnjr/post/15639562
  36. https://ridicorp.com/story/pr-semantic-error-special-animation/
  37. https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20220401093639
  38. https://m.ilovecharacter.com/news/newsview.php?ncode=179568696961623
  39. https://m.ruliweb.com/family/211/board/300015/read/2227836
  40. https://m.ilovecharacter.com/news/newsview.php?ncode=1065621229316106
  41. https://m.ilovecharacter.com/news/amp.html?ncode=1065623842762663
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