Foreign born

Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

For the band, see Foreign Born.
For broader coverage of this topic, see Nationality law.

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

  • "born in a country other than that in which one resides."[1]
  • "foreign by birth."[2]

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.[3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."[3]

See also: List of countries by foreign-born population
See also: Foreign born scientists and engineers in the United States
Share of migrants in all countries. Data from 2015.

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.[4]

Cities with largest foreign born populations
Rank City Country Estimate Source Foreign-Born Population Percentage
1LondonUnited KingdomONS 20183,236,000[5]36.4%
2New YorkUnited States2016 ACS3,200,219[6]37.5%
3ParisFranceUnité urbaine de Paris, INSEE 20202,282,524[7]21%
4SydneyAustralia2016 Census1,961,977[8]45.4%
5MelbourneAustralia2016 Census1,784,794[9]41.3%
6Los AngelesUnited States2016 ACS1,499,41837.7%
7TorontoCanadaCanada 2021 Census1,431,380[10][lower-alpha 1]51.9%
8BerlinGermanyBerlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021789,07621%
9MadridSpain2019 Spain Census726,66922.2%
10AucklandNew ZealandStatistics New Zealand 2018714,48041.6%
11MontréalCanadaCanada 2021 Census705,900[11][lower-alpha 1]40.9%
12HoustonUnited States2016 ACS698,39530.3%
13BrisbaneAustralia2016 Australian Census682,132[12]33.2%
14ChicagoUnited States2016 ACS559,62320.7%
15CalgaryCanadaCanada 2021 Census457,665[13][lower-alpha 1]35.4%
16MississaugaCanadaCanada 2021 census406,455[14][lower-alpha 1]57%
17San JoseUnited States2016 ACS402,77639.3%
18ViennaAustriawien statistik 2019395,72016%
19BramptonCanadaCanada 2021 census383,695[15][lower-alpha 1]59.1%
20San DiegoUnited States2016 ACS373,84226.7%
21BogotáColombia2019352,4315%
22EdmontonCanadaCanada 2021 Census348,295[16][lower-alpha 1]34.9%
23HamburgGermany2021 ACS341,75924.7%
24MilanItalyIstat 2011324,378[17]10.7%
25VancouverCanadaCanada 2021 Census317,190[18][lower-alpha 1]48.8%
26BirminghamUnited KingdomONS 2021305,96325.6%
27San FranciscoUnited States2016 ACS296,84934.9%
28OttawaCanadaCanada 2021 Census288,835[19]28.9%
29SurreyCanadaCanada 2021 census285,620[20][lower-alpha 1]50.8%
30AmsterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019277,43132.1%
31MiamiUnited States2016 ACS264,65658.3%
32StockholmSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019248,70825.5%
33LyonFranceFrance Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020235,96914%
34WinnipegCanadaCanada 2021 Census231,135[21][lower-alpha 1]31.4%
35SantiagoChile2017 Census212,03710.2%
36MarseilleFranceUnité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020193,74012%
37RotterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019184,21828.6%
38The HagueNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019176,18332.8%
39ManchesterUnited KingdomONS 2021173,20831.4%
40OsloNorwayStatistics Norway 2019171,86825.2%
41GothenburgSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019159,34227.5%
42HamiltonCanadaCanada 2021 census158,190[22][lower-alpha 1]28.2%
43CopenhagenDenmarkStatistics Denmark 2022134,40926.3%
44MalmöSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019118,32334.4%
45HelsinkiFinlandStatistics Finland 2021102,01615.5%

Metropolitan and Urban regions with largest foreign born populations
  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank[23] City Country Foreign-Born Population Sources of Immigrants
1New York metropolitan areaUnited States5,892,000[24]Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba
2London and Home CountiesUnited Kingdom5,623,701[5]India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica
3Los Angeles metropolitan areaUnited States5,541,000[24]Mexico, Bangladesh, Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran
4Paris metropolitan areaFrance4,177,965[25]Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo,
5Greater TorontoCanada2,870,000[26]India, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Italy, United Kingdom, European Union, Pakistan, Iran, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, United States
6Hong Kong (SAR)China2,793,450China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7San Francisco Bay AreaUnited States2,634,270[27][28]Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia
8Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia2,071,872[29]China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9Miami metropolitan areaUnited States1,949,629Cuba

Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Bangladesh

10Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia1,801,139[30]United Kingdom, India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11Chicago metropolitan areaUnited States1,625,649Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania
12Brussels Urban AreaBelgium1,441,600France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13Berlin Urban AreaGermany1,231,500Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
14Singapore (city only)Singapore1,305,011Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
15Moscow (city only)Russia1,128,035Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan,

Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus

16Houston metropolitan areaUnited States1,113,875Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
17Metropolitan DubaiUnited Arab Emirates1,056,000India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
18Riyadh (city only)Saudi Arabia1,054,000Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
19Vancouver metropolitan areaCanada1,019,170Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
20Washington metropolitan areaUnited States1,017,432El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
21Dallas–Fort Worth metroplexUnited States1,016,221Mexico,

India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Honduras, Philippines

22Frankfurt Urban AreaGermany998,400Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
23Tokyo Urban AreaJapan978,172China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
Birmingham Urban AreaUnited Kingdom902,438India, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
24Barcelona Urban AreaSpain862,200Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
25Atlanta metropolitan areaUnited States861,208Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
26Montreal Urban AreaCanada740,400Algeria, Morocco, Bangladesh, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon
27 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198 New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
28Auckland Urban AreaNew Zealand662,298United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
29Stockholm CountySweden660,302[31]Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan,
30MuscatOman571,000Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
31Milan Urban AreaItaly475,000Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
32Greater CalgaryCanada400,000India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
33MississaugaCanada381,730Pakistan, India, Jamaica, Poland, Portugal, Italy, Egypt, China, Philippines, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Iraq, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom
34Hamburg Metropolitan RegionGermany332,473[25]Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
35Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom302,000Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
36Greater EdmontonCanada274,355China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
37HelsinkiFinland213,290[32]Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
38Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan RegionGermany132,684Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
39HamiltonCanada130,565Italy, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India
40GenevaSwitzerland77,602France, Spain, Germany

See also

Notes
  1. Statistic includes all persons classified as 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents' on census.

    Statistics Canada defines 'Immigrants' as "persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category."

    Statistics Canada defines 'Non-permanent residents' as "persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents."

References
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  2. Foreign-born, Merriam-Webster
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  5. "Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality".
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