Online auction

English auctions are also known as open outcry or raise prices.[13] Their origins can be traced back to the end of the second century. The ancient Roman heralds announced to the world and were responsible for auctioning some court items and selling them to the highest bidder. In live terms, English auctions are where bids are announced by either an auctioneer or by the bidders, and winners pay what they bid to receive the object. English auctions are the most common third-party online auction format and are known for their simplicity.[14] English auctions are an ascending open bid where attendees are aware of the other bids with the winner being the highest bidder.[14] The popularity of the English auction is due to the fact that it uses a mechanism that people find familiar and intuitive, which therefore reduces transaction costs. Additionally, the English auction format is popular due to its ease-of-use in an online environment.[15]

In a Dutch auction, the item is initially auctioned for the highest price. This price is gradually reduced over time until a bid is received, thereby reserving the auctioned item for the bidder at the current price. Bidders must balance certainty with the price of the item. Bidding early can secure the item, but it is easy to pay a premium for it. Bidding later at a lower price may lose out to another bidder.[16]

First-price sealed-bid auctions are when a single bid is made by all bidding parties and the single-highest bidder wins and pays what they bid. The main difference between this and English auctions is that bids are not openly viewable or announced, as opposed to the competitive nature which is generated by public bids. From the game-theoretic point of view, the first-price sealed-bid auction is strategically equivalent to the Dutch auction; that is, in both auctions the players will be using the same bidding strategies.[17]

The Vickrey auction, also known as the stamp collector's auction or the second sealed auction, uses a similar principle to a first-price sealed-bid auction. However, the highest bidder only pays the price of the second highest bid. The Vickrey auction is intended to prevent the incentive for buyers to bid strategically, due to the fact it requires them to speak the truth by giving their true value of the item. If a bidder makes a very high bid, they may have to pay that price, but if they make a low bid there is a chance that they will lose the item. Therefore, the winner is the person who values the item the highest. It's a win-win situation for both the seller and the winner.[18] Vickrey auctions, however, are not suitable for all auctions since perishable items such as seafood and flowers must be sold in time.

Reverse auctions are where the roles of buyer and seller are reversed. Multiple sellers compete to obtain the buyer's business, and prices typically decrease over time as new offers are made. They do not follow the typical auction format in that the buyer can see all the offers and may choose which they would prefer. Reverse auctions are used predominantly in a business context for procurement.[19] Reverse auctions bring buyers and sellers together in a transparent marketplace. The practice has even been implemented for private jet travel on the online auction site Marmalade Skies.

The term reverse auction is often confused with unique bid auctions which are more akin to traditional auctions, as there is only one seller and multiple buyers. However, they follow a similar price reduction concept except the lowest unique bid always wins and each bid is confidential.[20]

A bidding fee auction (also known as a penny auction) requires customers to pay for bids, which they can increment an auction price one unit of currency at a time. On English auctions for example, the price goes up in 1 pence (0.01 GBP) increments. There has been criticism that compares this type of auction to gambling, as users can spend a considerable amount of money without receiving anything in return (other than the spent bids trying to acquire the item).[21][22][23][24][25] The auction owner (typically the owner of the website) makes money in two ways: the purchasing of bids, and the actual amount made from the final cost of the item.

Shill bidding is the most prominent type of online auction fraud where sellers submit bids to increase the price of an item without intending to win.[26] Shill bidding is also one of the most difficult types of fraud to detect, since it is usually conducted by the seller of the auction in collusion with one or more bidders in the auction.[26] Alternatively, the seller may create multiple shill bids on the account they used to submit the bogus bid. Therefore, a detection mechanism is proposed at the end of the auction. However, if Shill fails to detect bidders during the auction, innocent bidders may fall for it at the end of the auction.[26] In 2011, a member of eBay became the first individual to be convicted of shill bidding on an auction.[27] By taking part in the process, an individual is breaking the European Union fair trading rules which carries out a fine of up to £5,000 in the United Kingdom.[28]

Shield bidding is a technique involving a buyer using another account (called a "shield") to discourage other competitors from bidding by artificially increasing the price and then at the last moment withdrawing their bid to allow the actual buyer to win the auction with a lower price. Most online auction sites don't allow withdrawing bids, therefore making this technique impossible to perform. This technique can still be taken advantage of on sites where this rule is not implemented.

It is difficult to spot a dirty technique being used by an anonymous or pseudonymous person in online auctions, but it is certainly doable.[29] It can be revealed by examining a seller’s auction history and looking for an account which has bid on every or almost every auction of that seller. If there is someone who meets those characteristics, it is most likely a shill using that account to increase the price.

A shield can be spotted similarly to a shill. By doing a search of a person's won auctions, it can be found out whether or not there is another account participating in the same auctions without ever winning anything. If there is, it is possible that the person is using a shield to help them become successful in auctions.

The increasing popularity of using online auctions has led to an increase in fraudulent activity.[30] This is usually performed on an auction website by creating a very appetizing auction, such as a low starting amount. Once a buyer wins an auction and pays for it, the fraudulent seller will either not pursue with the delivery,[31] or send a less valuable version of the purchased item (replicated, used, refurbished, etc.). Protection to prevent such acts has become readily available, most notably PayPal's buyer protection policy. As PayPal handles the transaction, they have the ability to hold funds until a conclusion is drawn whereby the victim can be compensated.[32]

Online auction websites are used by thieves or fences to sell stolen goods to unsuspecting buyers.[33] According to police statistics, there were over 8000 crimes involving stolen goods, fraud, or deception reported on eBay in 2009.[34] It has become common practice for organized criminals to steal in-demand items, often in bulk. These items are then sold online, as it is a safer option due to the anonymity and worldwide market it provides.[35] Auction fraud makes up a large percentage of complaints received by the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (around 63% in 2005 and 45% in 2006).[36]

Money Laundaring

Onlinr auctions are vulnerable to criminal activities and money laundering. Us department of treasury conducted a Study of the Facilitation of Money Laundering and Terror Finance Through the Trade in Works of Art. Link to the study paper:https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Treasury_Study_WoA.pdf