Clan MacDonald of Glencoe

The MacDonalds of Glencoe, also known as Clann Iain Abrach, was a Highland Scottish clan and a branch of the larger Clan Donald. They were named after Glen Coe. the MacDonalds of Glen Coe (or MacIains as they were more specifically known) have resided in Glen Coe since at least the early 14th century, when they supported King Robert the Bruce. The MacIains were constantly involved in trouble with the law and with neighbouring clans for their consistent raiding, pillaging and cattle rustling. The clan had particular trouble with the neighbouring Clan Campbell.[1] Their infamous feud gained notoriety in the coming generations, eventually leading to the Massacre of Glencoe in 1692. The clan soon took part in a series of Jacobite Uprisings in 1715 and 1745.

Clan MacDonald of Glencoe
Clann Iain Abrach
Crest: A hand holding a short dagger
MottoNec Tempore Nec Fato (Neither Time Nor Fate)
Profile
RegionArgyll, Glencoe
Plant badgeFraoch gorm (erica vulgaris) common heath
Clan MacDonald of Glencoe has no chief, and is an armigerous clan
Allied clans
Rival clans
A romanticised Victorian-era illustration of a MacDonald of Glencoe clansman by R. R. McIan from The Clans of the Scottish Highlands published in 1845.

The last chief, Alexander James MacDonald, 19th of Glencoe, died in 1889, without producing an heir. The MacDonalds of Glencoe soon became an armigerous clan.

History

Origins of the clan

The founder of the MacDonalds of Glencoe was Iain Fraoch MacDonald (d. 1368) who was a son of Aonghus Óg of Islay (died 1314×1318/c.1330), chief of Clan Donald, who fought alongside King Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.[2]

It is believed that Angus Og never married the daughter of MacEanruig or MacHenry the 'head man' in Glencoe.[3] Instead, he married Aine O'Cahan of Ulster who gave birth to his legitimate heir, John of Islay, who became Lord of the Isles.

Angus Og gained the lands of Glencoe from Robert the Bruce who, after the Battle of Bannockburn, bestowed these lands on him as well as others. In turn, Angus Og gave his natural son, Iain Fraoch, Glencoe.

Clan skirmishes

Glencoe was an ever hostile environment whose sparse soil drove people to theft, raiding, and stealing cattle from their neighbors. Though the Maclans of Glencoe disavowed any connexion with these piratical expeditions of their kinsmen, it is to be feared their own record was not less open to question.

As time went on, and the virile house of Campbell rose more and more into power at the expense of their older rivals the MacDonalds, these Maclans of Glencoe played their own part in that struggle between the Montagues and Capulets. The struggle came to a height in the seventeenth century, when the Campbells, at last, felt strong enough to deal their MacDonald rivals a knockout blow. In the time of the civil wars of Charles I, when that King’s general, the Marquess of Montrose, had been defeated at Philiphaugh, and the Marquess of Argyll, Chief of the Campbells, found himself at the head of the government of Scotland and in possession of despotic power, the latter seized the opportunity to send the armies of the Covenant to demolish the last strongholds of the MacDonalds and MacDougalls, burning the forts of the latter at Gylen and Dunnollie near Oban, and massacring the garrison of three hundred MacDonalds in their Castle of Dunavertie at the south end of Kintyre.[4]

In these events may be found the reason for the raids made by the MacDonalds of Glencoe during the half-century which followed into the lands of their Campbell enemies which lay to the westward. For geographical reasons the lands which suffered most from these incursions were those of the younger branch of the Argyll family, the Campbells of Glenorchy, whose head in the days of Charles II, became Earl of Breadalbane and Holland. On one occasion, while a marriage feast was going on at Glenurchy’s stronghold of Finlarig on Loch Tay, the word was suddenly brought that the MacDonalds were driving the cattle of the Campbells out of the glen, and the wedding guests almost instantly found themselves engaged in a bloody affray with the invaders. Again, on their way home from playing a victorious part under King James’s general, Viscount Dundee, at the Battle of Killiecrankie, the MacDonalds of Glencoe seized the opportunity to sweep Glenlyon of its whole cattle and valuables, and left Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, Breadalbane’s henchman, absolutely a ruined man.[4]

The Massacre of Glencoe
Main article: Massacre of Glencoe
Memorial at Glencoe

The Glencoe MacDonalds were one of three Lochaber clans with a reputation for lawlessness, the others being the MacGregors and the Keppoch MacDonalds. Levies from these clans served in the Independent Companies used to suppress the Conventicles in 1678–80, and took part in the devastating Atholl raid that followed Argyll's Rising in 1685.[5] This made them an obvious target when the Duke of Argyll returned to power after the 1688 Glorious Revolution in Scotland.[6]

During the 1689- 1692 Jacobite rising, the Scottish government held a series of meetings with the Jacobite chiefs. In March 1690, the Secretary of State, Lord Stair, offered a total of £12,000 for swearing allegiance to William III. They agreed to do so in the June 1691 Declaration of Achallader, the Earl of Breadalbane signing for the government.[7]

On 26 August, a Royal Proclamation offered a pardon to anyone taking the Oath prior to 1 January 1692, with severe reprisals for those who did not. Two days later, secret articles appeared, canceling the agreement in the event of a Jacobite invasion and signed by all the attendees, including Breadalbane, who claimed they had been manufactured by MacDonald of Glengarry.[8] Stair's letters increasingly focused on enforcement, reflecting his belief that forged or not, none of the signatories intended to keep their word, and so an example was required.[9]

In early October, the chiefs asked the exiled James II for permission to take the Oath unless he could mount an invasion before the deadline, a condition they knew to be impossible.[10] His approval was sent on 12 December and received by Glengarry on the 23rd, who did not share it until the 28th. One suggestion it was driven by an internal power struggle between Protestant elements of the MacDonald clan, like Glencoe, and the Catholic minority, led by Glengarry. Delayed by heavy snow, the Glencoe chief was late taking the oath, but Glengarry himself did not swear until early February.[11]

The exact reason for the selection of the Glencoe MacDonalds remains unclear but led to the Massacre of Glencoe (Gaelic: Mort Ghlinne Comhann) in the early hours of the 13th of February 1692. This was carried out by troops quartered on the Macdonalds, commanded by Robert Campbell of Glenlyon; the number of deaths is disputed, the often quoted figure of 38 being based on hearsay evidence, while the MacDonalds claimed 'the number they knew to be slaine were about 25.'[12] Recent estimates put total deaths resulting from the Massacre as 'around 30', while claims others died of exposure have not been substantiated.[13]

Although the action itself was widely condemned, there was limited sympathy for the MacDonalds; the government commander in Scotland, Thomas Livingstone, commented in a letter; 'It's not that anyone thinks the thieving tribe did not deserve to be destroyed, but that it should have been done by those quartered among them makes a great noise.'[14]

Post 1692
Glencoe, by Horatio McCulloch, 1864; abandoned in the 1750s, by then it was a remote and empty landscape

The Glencoe Macdonalds rebuilt their houses, taking part in the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745. In 2018, a team of archaeologists organised by the National Trust for Scotland began surveying several areas related to the massacre, with plans to produce detailed studies of their findings.[15] Work in the summer of 2019 focused on the settlement of Achtriachtan, at the extreme end of the glen; home to an estimated 50 people, excavations show it was rebuilt after 1692. It was still occupied in the mid-18th century, but by 1800 the area was deserted.[16]

Clan Tartan

The clan's tartan is sold as MacIain/MacDonald of Glencoe but sometimes is often sold as MacDonald of Ardnamurchan through confusion of both clans being known as MacIains. There is a separate tartan known as the MacDonald of Glencoe, it is very different from the MacIan or the Ardnamuchan. This is the proper tartan for Glencoe and was found on the bodies exhumed in the 1800s for burial in consecrated ground. This is an ancient tartan and predates the Highland Clearances.

List of clan chiefs

The following is a list of the historic chiefs of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe:

  • Iain Og an Fraoch MacDonald, 1st of Glencoe (Abt 1300 – 1358), (son of Aonghus Óg of Islay)
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 2nd of Glencoe (Bef 1358)
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 3rd of Glencoe
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 4th of Glencoe
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 5th of Glencoe
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 6th of Glencoe
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 7th of Glencoe
  • Iain Og MacIain MacDonald, 8th of Glencoe (1543 – Abt 1590)
  • Iain Og MacIain MacDonald, 9th of Glencoe (1579–1610)
  • Iain Abrach MacDonald, 10th of Glencoe ( – 1630)
  • Alasdair Ruadh MacIain MacDonald, 11th of Glencoe ( – 1650)
  • Alasdair Ruadh MacIain MacDonald, 12th of Glencoe (1630–1692) (Killed at the Massacre of Glencoe)
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 13th of Glencoe (1657–1714)
  • Alexander MacIain MacDonald, 14th of Glencoe (1708–1750)
  • John MacIain MacDonald, 15th of Glencoe (Abt 1735 – 1785)
  • Alexander MacIain MacDonald, 16th of Glencoe (1761–1814)
  • Dr. Ewen MacIain MacDonald, 17th of Glencoe, H.E.I.C.S. (1788–1840)
  • Ronald MacIain MacDonald, 18th of Glencoe (1800–1841) (brother of 17th)
  • Alexander James MacDonald, 19th of Glencoe (1829–1889)[17]

Disputed chiefship

The Cameron Henry of Penicuik is currently claiming clan chief through ancestry by sept Henry. They are represented by the High Chief of Clan Donald. Currently there are 4 contenders for MacDonald of Glencoe Chiefship.The families descended from James Cameron of Madagascar are as well preparing a claim. It is anticipated that this matter will be settled by Lord Lyon King of Arms in the next few years.

Septs of the Clan

The list of septs of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe is:

Culp, Henderson, Hendrie, Hendry, Henry, Johnson, Kean, Keene, Keane, MacDonald, MacGilp, MacHendrie, MacHendry, MacHenry, MacIan, MacIsaac, MacKean, McKean, McKendrick, McKern, MacKern, MacKillop, MacPhilip, Moor, Philip, Philp[18][19]

See also

References
  1. "BBC - History - Scottish History". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  2. "The Family Tree of the Lords of the Isles – Finlaggan Trust". Archived from the original on 4 July 2010.
  3. "I4195: Margaret Erskine CUNNINGHAME of Balgownie (Private - ____)". www.clandonald.org.uk.
  4. "Clan MacDonald - the MacDonalds of Glen Coe".
  5. Levine 1999, p. 128.
  6. Levine 1999, p. 137.
  7. Harris 2007, p. 439.
  8. Levine 1999, p. 139.
  9. Gordon 1845, pp. 238.
  10. Szechi 1994, p. 45.
  11. Szechi 1994, p. 30.
  12. Cobbett 1814, pp. 902–903.
  13. Campsie 2018.
  14. Prebble 2002, p. 197.
  15. Treviño 2018.
  16. MacDonald 2019.
  17. Alexander James MacDonald, 19th of Glencoe clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  18. Scots Kith and Kin, Revised Second Edition; published by Albyn Press LTD, Edinburgh, p. 65
  19. "John Moor's descendants immigrate to America 1718". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014.

Sources
  • Campsie, Alison (12 February 2018). "The Scotsman". Archaeologists trace lost settlements of Glencoe destroyed after 1692 massacre. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  • Cobbett, William (1814). Cobbett's Complete Collection Of State Trials And Proceedings For High Treason And Other Crimes And Misdemeanors. Nabu Press. ISBN 1175882445.
  • Gordon, John (1845). Papers Illustrative of the Political Condition of the Highlands of Scotland, 1689–1706 (2015 ed.). Sagwan Press. ISBN 978-1340252717.
  • Harris, Tim (2007). Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685-1720. Penguin. ISBN 978-0141016528.
  • Levine, Mark, ed. (1999). The Massacre in History (War and Genocide). Bergahn Books. ISBN 1571819355.
  • MacDonald, Kenneth (11 May 2019). "The dig uncovering Glencoe's dark secrets". BBC. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  • Prebble, John (2002) [1968]. Darien: the Scottish Dream of Empire. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712668538.
  • Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719037743.
  • Treviño, Julissa (26 March 2018). "Archaeologists Trace 'Lost Settlements' of 1692 Glencoe Massacre". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
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