Northeastern United States

The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the Northeast, the East Coast,[lower-alpha 1] or the American Northeast, is a geographic region of the United States. It is located on the Atlantic coast of North America, with Canada to its north, the Southern United States to its south, and the Midwestern United States to its west. The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics.[1] The Census Bureau defines the region as including nine U.S. states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, however, most vernacular definitions also include Delaware, and occasionally Maryland and the District of Columbia.

This article is about the geographical region. For other uses of the term, see Northeastern United States (disambiguation).

Northeastern United States
Region
American Northeast, the Northeast
From top, left to right: New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Jersey City, and Stamford
Regional definitions vary from source to source. This map reflects the Northeastern United States as defined by the Census Bureau.[1]
Subregions
Country United States
States Connecticut
 Maine
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
 New Jersey
 New York
 Pennsylvania
 Rhode Island
 Vermont
Population
 (2020[2])
 • Total57,609,148
Demonym(s)Northerner, Northeasterner, Yankee

The U.S. Census Bureau–defined region of the Northeastern United States has a total area of 181,324 sq mi (469,630 km2) with 162,257 sq mi (420,240 km2) of that being land mass, making it the smallest region of the United States by both land mass and total area.[6] The Northeastern region is the nation's most economically developed, densely populated, and culturally diverse region.[7][8] Of the nation's four census regions, the Northeast has the second-largest percentage of residents living in an urban setting, with 85 percent, and is home to the nation's largest metropolitan area.[9] The Northeast is home to most of the Northeast megalopolis, the most economically significant and second most-populated of eleven megaregions within the United States, accounting for 20% of U.S. GDP as of 2016.[10]

History
Embarkation of the Pilgrims, an 1857 painting by Robert Walter Weir

Indigenous people
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

Anthropologists recognize the "Northeastern Woodlands" as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries. Most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. The cultural area, known as the "Northeastern Woodlands", in addition to covering the entire Northeast U.S., also covered much of what is now Canada and others regions of what is now the eastern United States.[11]

Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those that made up the Iroquois nations and the numerous Algonquian peoples.[12] In the United States of the 21st century, 18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast.[13] For the most part, the people of the Northeastern Woodlands, on whose lands European fishermen began camping to dry their codfish in the early 1600s, lived in villages, especially after being influenced by the agricultural traditions of the Ohio and Mississippi valley societies.[14]

Colonial history

All of the U.S. states making up the Northeastern region were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine, Vermont, and Delaware were part of other colonies before the United States became independent in the American Revolution. The two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories.

New England
Main article: History of New England

The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620.[15] The Pilgrims arrived on the ship Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely.[15] Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony.[16] In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations.[17][18] Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship.[18] Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth.[18] Providence, Portsmouth and two other towns (Newport and Warwick) consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[18]

Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, since the 21st century, New England had become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life.[19] In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported attending church weekly, giving them the lowest church attendance among U.S. states.[20]

New England played a prominent role in early American education. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school. The first public school in the English colonies was the Boston Latin School, founded in 1635.[21] In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.[22]

Mid-Atlantic
Main article: Mid-Atlantic (United States)
Penn's Treaty with the Indians, a 1772 painting by Benjamin West

The first European explorer known to have explored the Atlantic shoreline of the Northeast since the Norse was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. His ship La Dauphine explored the coast from what is now known as Florida to New Brunswick. Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Netherlands. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province.[23] The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire.[24] The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey.[24] New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.[24]

In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all citizens.[25] Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania Province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" from the Duke.[26] Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle, Delaware. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. From 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.[27] Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.[28]

Geography
New York City, the most populous city in the Northeast and all of the United States
Philadelphia, the second most populous city in the Northeast and sixth most populated city in the United States
Boston, the most populated city in Massachusetts and New England and third most populated city in the Northeast

The vast area from central Virginia to northern Maine, and from western Pennsylvania, from Pittsburgh in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east, have all been loosely grouped into the Northeast, including six of Pennsylvania's seven largest cities, Allentown, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Scranton, and Bethlehem.

Using the U.S. Census Bureau's definition of the Northeast, the region includes nine states: Maine, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.[1][lower-alpha 2] The region is often subdivided into New England (the six states east of New York State) and the Mid-Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). This definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation.[30][31][32][33] However, the U.S. Census Bureau has acknowledged the obvious limitations of this definition and the potential merits of a proposal created after the 1950 census,[34] that would include changing regional boundaries to include Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia with the Mid-Atlantic states, but ultimately decided that "the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose state groupings. The previous development of many series of statistics, arranged and issued over long periods of time on the basis of the existing State groupings, favored the retention of the summary units of the current regions and divisions."[35] The U.S. Census Bureau confirmed in 1994 that it would continue to "review the components of the regions and divisions to ensure that they continue to represent the most useful combinations of states and state equivalents."[35]

Many organizations and reference works follow the Census Bureau's definition for the region.[36][37][38] In the history of the United States, the Mason–Dixon line between Pennsylvania (the North) and Maryland (the South) traditionally divided the regions,[39] but in modern times, various entities define the Northeastern United States in somewhat different ways. The Association of American Geographers divides the Northeast into two divisions: "New England", which is the same as the Census Bureau; and it has the same "Middle States" but adds Delaware.[40] Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland and the District of Columbia.[41] The narrowest definitions include only the states of New England.[42] Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, but exclude Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[43][44]

Major cities
City City population Metro population U.S. Rank
New York 8,804,190 20,140,470 1
Philadelphia 1,603,797 6,245,051 6
Boston 675,647 4,941,632 24
Newark 311,549 See New York 66
Pittsburgh 302,971 2,370,930 68
Jersey City 292,449 See New York 75
Buffalo 278,349 1,125,637 78

States beyond the Census Bureau definition are included in Northeast Region by various other entities:

  • Various organizations include: Delaware, Maryland and District of Columbia.[8][45][46][47][48][49]
  • The US EPA and NOAA include in their Northeast Region: Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia.[50][51][52]
  • The National Fish and Wildlife Service includes in their Northeast Region: Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, and Virginia.[53]
  • The National Park Service includes in their Northeast Region: Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia (though small parts are also in the National Capital Region).[54]

Environment
High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point in Sussex County, New Jersey, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1,803 feet (550 m) above sea level
Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts
The Palisades along the Hudson River in New Jersey
U.S. Route 220 as it passes through Lamar Township in Clinton County, Pennsylvania

Topography

While most of the Northeastern United States lie in the Appalachian Highlands physiographic region; some are also part of the Atlantic coastal plain, which extends south to the southern tip of Florida. The coastal plain areas include Cape Cod in Massachusetts, Long Island in New York, most of New Jersey, Delaware) are generally low and flat, with sandy soil and marshy land.[8] The highlands, including the Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains, are generally heavily forested, ranging from rolling hills to summits greater than 6,000 feet (1,800 m), and pocked with many lakes.[8] The highest peak in the Northeast is Mount Washington, New Hampshire at 6,288 feet (1,917 m).[55]

Land use

As of 2012, forest-use covered approximately 60% of the Northeastern states (including Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia), about twice the national average. About 11% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. There is also more urbanized land in the Northeast (12%) than any other region in the U.S.[49]

Climate

The climate of the Northeastern United States varies from northernmost Maine to southernmost Maryland. The climate of the region is created by the position of the general west to east flow of weather in the middle latitudes that much of the USA is controlled by and the position and movement of the subtropical highs. Summers are normally warm in northern areas to hot in southern areas. In summer, the building Bermuda High pumps warm and sultry air toward the Northeast, and frequent (but brief) thundershowers are common on hot summer days. In winter the subtropical high retreats southeastward, and the polar jet stream moves south bringing colder air masses from up in Canada and more frequent storm systems to the region. Winter often brings both rain and snow as well as surges of both warm and cold air.[56]

The basic climate of the Northeast can be divided into a colder and snowier interior (western Maryland, most of Pennsylvania, most of northern New Jersey, Upstate New York, and most of New England), and a milder coast and coastal plain from Cape Cod and southern Rhode Island southward, including Long Island, Southern Connecticut, New York City, central and southern New Jersey, Delaware, and most of Maryland. In the latter region the hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. Annual mean temperatures range from the low-to-mid 50s F from Maryland to southern Connecticut, to the 40s F in most of New York State, New England, and northern Pennsylvania.[56][57][58]

Most of the Northeast has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb/Dc). The northernmost portion of the humid subtropical zone (Cfa/Do) begins at Martha's Vineyard and extreme SW Rhode Island and extends southwestward down the coastal plain to central and southern Maryland. The oceanic climate zone (Cfb/Do) only exists on Block Island and Nantucket and is the only area of the Northeast where all months average between 0 and 22 °C (32 and 71.6 °F).

Wildlife

The Northeast has 72 National Wildlife Refuges, encompassing more than 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km2) of habitat and designed to protect some of the 92 different threatened and endangered species living in the region.[13]

Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, the population of the region totaled 57,609,148.[59] With an average of 345.5 people per square mile, the Northeast is 2.5 times as densely populated as the second-most dense region, the South. Since the last century, the U.S. population has been shifting away from the Northeast and Midwest toward the South and West.[60]

The two U.S. Census Bureau divisions in the Northeast, New England and the Mid-Atlantic, rank second and first respectively among the 9 divisions in population density according to the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region (233.1) was very close behind New England (233.2). Due to the faster growth of the South Atlantic region, it will take over the #2 division rank in population density in the next estimate, dropping New England to 3rd position. New England is projected to retain the number 3 rank for many, many years, as the only other lower-ranked division with even half the population density of New England is the East North Central division (192.1) and this region's population is projected to grow slowly. [lower-alpha 3][61]

State 2020 census 2010 census Change Area Density
Connecticut 3,605,944 3,574,097 +0.89% 4,842.35 sq mi (12,541.6 km2) 741/sq mi (286/km2)
Maine 1,362,359 1,328,361 +2.56% 30,842.90 sq mi (79,882.7 km2) 43/sq mi (17/km2)
Massachusetts 7,029,917 6,547,629 +7.37% 7,800.05 sq mi (20,202.0 km2) 879/sq mi (340/km2)
New Hampshire 1,377,529 1,316,470 +4.64% 8,952.64 sq mi (23,187.2 km2) 150/sq mi (58/km2)
Rhode Island 1,097,379 1,052,567 +4.26% 1,033.81 sq mi (2,677.6 km2) 1,025/sq mi (396/km2)
Vermont 643,077 625,741 +2.77% 9,216.65 sq mi (23,871.0 km2) 68/sq mi (26/km2)
New England 15,116,205 14,444,865 +4.65% 62,688.4 sq mi (162,362 km2) 236/sq mi (91/km2)
New Jersey 9,288,994 8,791,894 +5.65% 7,354.21 sq mi (19,047.3 km2) 1,225/sq mi (473/km2)
New York 20,201,249 19,378,102 +4.25% 47,126.36 sq mi (122,056.7 km2) 421/sq mi (163/km2)
Pennsylvania 13,002,700 12,702,379 +2.36% 44,742.67 sq mi (115,883.0 km2) 286/sq mi (111/km2)
Middle Atlantic 42,492,943 40,872,375 +3.96% 99,223.24 sq mi (256,987.0 km2) 420/sq mi (162/km2)
Total 57,609,148 55,317,240 +4.14% 161,911.64 sq mi (419,349.2 km2) 354/sq mi (137/km2)

Economy

As of 2012, the Northeast U.S. accounts for approximately 23% of the nation's gross domestic product.[62] Due to it's vast population and diverse landscapes, the Northeast has a large and robust economy, ranging from financial services in Lower Manhattan, to agriculture in Central Pennsylvania.

New York City
The New York Stock Exchange, along side many offices buildings on Wall Street.
See also: Economy of New York City

As of 2021, the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $2.1 trillion US dollars, ranking it first in the U.S. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. Manhattan is considered the world's financial center, with many large banks based in Lower Manhattan and some of the largest stock exchanges on Wall Street, like the New York Stock Exchange, it is so prominent that the term "Wall Street" is usually synonymous with finance. Many other companies are based in New York City area, either in Midtown Manhattan, downtown Brooklyn, Long Island City, or the various suburbs, like Stamford or White Plains. Some of the largest companies based in New York City area include, Verizon, J.P. Morgan Chase, Citigroup, MetLife, PepsiCo, IBM, Time Warner, Goldman Sachs, and Pfizer. Many tech companies are being founded as well in New York, or moving their headquarters in New York from other places, with the rise of many technology companies in the metropolitan area.

The large population of New York City and the metropolitan area around it contribute to a very large shopping economy, with many large shopping malls and department stores based in the area, including the Macy's on 34th street, Fifth Avenue, and various suburban shopping malls, like the American Dream in East Rutherford, Palisades Center in West Nyack, or the SoNo Collection in Norwalk. One of the largest cargo ports in the nation, the Port of New York and New Jersey, is located on New York Harbor, delivering goods for the city and much of the Northeast.

Other regions
See also: Economy of Philadelphia

As of 2021, the Philadelphia metropolitan area is estimated to produce a GMP of $479 billion US dollars, making it the 9th largest economy in the United Sates. Many large companies are based as well in Philadelphia due to it's significance and easy connections to other cities like New York and Washington DC. These companies include Comcast, Cigna, and RiteAid. The Philadelphia Mint is also located within the city.

The Boston metropolitan area is also a major center for insurance, finance, and technology, with major companies like General Electric and Liberty Mutual being based in the city.

Rural regions and state, like Northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine rely more on agriculture, logging, mining, and tourism to help boost their local and statewide economies. Many national and state parks in the region generate lots of tourism, especially during fall months. The logging industry is especially prominent in Maine, making up a large part of Northern Maine's economy.

Many of the northeastern states have very large economies and are highly developed, including Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These statics are as of Q3 2022.

  1. New York, $2.1 trillion USD, per capita $105,226
  2. Pennsylvania, $931 billion USD, per capita $71,825
  3. New Jersey, $753 billion USD, per capita $81,307
  4. Massachusetts, $693 billion USD, per capita $99,274
  5. Connecticut, $323 billion USD, per capita $89,301
  6. New Hampshire, $106 billion USD, per capita $76,008
  7. Maine, $85 billion USD, per capita $61,491
  8. Rhode Island, $72 billion USD per capita $65,879
  9. Vermont, $41 billion USD, per capita $63,275

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees 34 nuclear reactors, eight for research or testing and 26 for power production in the Northeastern United States.[48]

Transportation

Rail systems
The New York subway is one of the busiest transit systems in the world, used by over 2 billion passengers yearly.
A MBTA Commuter Train, one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the Northeast.

The Northeast is served by Amtrak trains, with the Northeast Regional and Acela, two of the busiest intercity rail lines in the United States going from Washington DC to Boston. Other Amtrak Lines that serve the Northeast include the Downeaster, Empire Service, Vermonter, Lake Shore Limited, Pennsylvanian. Many other rail systems also exist in the Northeast, varying from light rail, commuter rail, or heavy rapid transit (subway).

No. Name Metro Rail type City No. of lines Annual Ridership

(Q4 2019)[63]

1 New York City Subway New York Rapid Transit New York 36 2,723,960,100
2 MBTA subway Boston Rapid Transit/

Light Rail

 Boston 12 199,501,352
3 Long Island Rail Road New York Commuter Rail New York/Long Island 13 117,773,400
4 SEPTA subway Philadelphia Rapid Transit Philadelphia 3 90,240,800
5 PATH New York Rapid Transit Newark/Jersey City/New York 4 90,276,600
6 NJ Transit Commuter Rail New York/Philadelphia Commuter Rail Hoboken/Patterson/Atlantic City 11 88,319,600
7 Metro North Railroad New York Commuter Rail NYC/New Haven/White Plains/Stamford 3-4 86,459,000
8 SEPTA Trolley Philadelphia Light Rail Philadelphia 8 24,321,200
9 SEPTA Regional Rail Philadelphia Commuter Rail Philadelphia 13 35,594,800
10 MBTA Commuter Rail Boston Commuter Rail Boston, Providence, Worcester 14 32,420,400
11 Pittsburgh Light Rail Pittsburgh Light Rail Pittsburgh, Bethel Park 3 27,975,600
12 NJ Transit Tram New York/Philadelphia Light Rail Trenton/Camden/Newark/Jersey City 3 23,700,000
13 Buffalo Metro Rail Buffalo Light Rail Buffalo 1 1,890,200
14 Hartford Line Hartford Commuter Rail New Haven, Hartford, Springfield 1 750,000[64]
15 Shore Line East New Haven Commuter Rail New Haven, New London 1 660,500

Major stations
Grand Central Terminal in New York City, a National Historic Landmark and one of the busiest train stations in the nation, served by multiple commuter lines.
  • 30th Street Station in Philadelphia. Served by all SEPTA Regional Lines, Amtrak, NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line, it is the third busiest Amtrak station and 11th busiest train station in North America with over 4 million passengers in 2019.
  • Pennsylvania Station in New York City. Served by some Northern NJ Transit lines, some Long Island Railroad trains (was all until January 2023) and Amtrak trains. It is the busiest train station in North America, with over 10 million passengers in 2019, along with 27 million passengers from NJ Transit and 69 million from Long Island Rail in 2017.
  • Grand Central Terminal in New York City. Served by Metro North and some Long Island Rail trains (starting in January 2023). It had over 67 million annual passengers in 2017 and was the third busiest train station in North America.
  • Union Station in New Haven. Served by New Haven Line, Hartford Line, and Shoreline East along side Amtrak. It had 350,000 annual Amtrak passengers in 2017.
  • South Station in Boston. Served by southern MBTA commuter lines and Amtrak, it was the 7th busiest train station in North America in 2017, with nearly 29 million passengers.
  • North Station in Boston. Served by northern MBTA commuter lines and the Downeaster (Amtrak). It had 6 million MBTA users in 2012 and 152,000 Amtrak passengers in 2021.

Airports
JFK International Airport in Queens, New York. The busiest airport in the Northeast and the 13th busiest in the nation.

The following table includes all airports categorized by the FAA as large or medium hubs[65] located in the Northeastern states[66][67]

National

Rank

Metro area servedAirport
code		Airport nameLargest airline[68] Annual

Passengers[69]

13 New York JFK John F. Kennedy International Airport JetBlue (39%) 15,273,342
14 New York EWR Newark Liberty International Airport United (53%) 14,514,049
19 Boston BOS Logan International Airport JetBlue (30%) 10,909,817
21 Philadelphia PHL Philadelphia International AirportAmerican (44%) 9,820,222
25 New York LGA LaGuardia Airport Delta (21%) 7,827,307
48 Pittsburgh PIT Pittsburgh International Airport Southwest (26%) 3,069,259
54 Hartford BDL Bradley International Airport American (17%) 2,273,259

Road

Many major highways cross the Northeast, connecting it to the rest of the nation.

Number Length (mi)[70] Length (km) Southern or western terminus Northern or eastern terminus Formed Removed Notes
I-76 435.66701.13 I-71 in Westfield Center, OhioI-295 at Bellmawr, New Jersey 01964-01-011964current Serves two northeastern states:Pennsylvania, New Jersey
Associated routes: I-176, I-276, I-376, I-476, I-676
I-78 146.28235.41 I-81 at Jonestown, PennsylvaniaCanal Street in New York City 01957-01-011957current Serves three northeastern states: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
Associated routes: I-278, I-478, I-678, I-878
I-79 343.46552.75 I-77 in Charleston, West VirginiaPA 5 in Erie, Pennsylvania 01967-01-011967current Serves Pennsylvania
Associated routes: I-279, I-579
I-80 2899.594,666.44 US 101 in San Francisco, CaliforniaI-95 in Teaneck, New Jersey 01956-01-011956current Serves 2 northeastern states: Pennsylvania and New Jersey
Associated routes: I-180, I-380, I-280
I-81 855.021,376.02 I-40 in Dandridge, TennesseeCanadian border at Wellesley Island, New York 01961-01-011961current Serves two northeastern states: Pennsylvania, New York
Associated routes:I-481 and I-781
I-83 85.03136.84 President Street and Fayette Street in Baltimore, MarylandI-81 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 01959-01-011959current Serves Pennsylvania
Associated route: I-283
I-84 232.71374.51 I-81 in Scranton, PennsylvaniaI-90 in Sturbridge, Massachusetts 01963-01-011963current Serves four states: Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts
Associated routes: I-384, I-684
I-86 223.39359.51 I-90 near North East, PennsylvaniaNY 17/NY 79 in Windsor, New York 01999-01-011999current Unfinished in New York
Serves two northeastern states: Pennsylvania, New York
Associated routes: none
I-87 333.49536.70 I-278 in New York CityA-15 at Canadian border in Champlain, New York 01957-01-011957current New York only
Associated routes: I-287, I-587, I-787
I-88 117.75189.50 I-81 in Binghamton, New YorkI-90 in Schenectady, New York 01968-01-011968current New York only
Associated routes: none
I-89 191.12307.58 I-93/SR 3A in Bow, New HampshireRoute 133/Future A-35 at Canadian border in Highgate, Vermont 01960-01-011960current Serves two northeastern states: New Hampshire, Vermont
Associated route: I-189
I-90 3020.444,860.93 SR 519/4th Avenue/Edgar Martinez Drive in Seattle, WashingtonMA 1A in Boston, Massachusetts 01956-01-011956current Serves three northeastern states: Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts
Associated routes: I-190 (New York), I-290 (New York), I-390, I-490, I-590, I-690, I-790, I-890, I-990, I-190 (Massachusetts), I-290 (Massachusetts)
Longest Interstate highway in the US
I-91 290.37467.31 I-95 in New Haven, ConnecticutA-55 at Canadian border in Derby Line, Vermont 01958-01-011958current Serves three northeastern states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont
Associated routes: I-291, I-391, I-691
I-93 189.95305.69 I-95/US 1 in Canton, MassachusettsI-91 in St. Johnsbury, Vermont 01957-01-011957current Serves three northeastern states: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont
Associated routes: I-293, I-393
I-95 1919.313,088.83 US 1 in Miami, FloridaNB 95 at Canadian border in Houlton, Maine 01957-01-011957current Serves eight northeastern states:Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine
Associated routes: I-195, I-295, I-395, I-495, I-595, I-695, I-795, I-895
Longest primary north-south Interstate highway
I-99 98.34158.26 I-70/I-76 in Bedford, PennsylvaniaI-86/NY 17 in Painted Post, New York 01998-01-011998current Unfinished in Pennsylvania
Serves two northeastern states: Pennsylvania, New York
Associated routes: none
The New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) is one of the busiest highways in the nation.

Many other minor highways exist in the Northeast, connecting cities. Major US Routes which run through the Northeast include US 1, US 2, US 3, US 4, US 5, US 6, US 7, US 9, US 11, US 13, US 15, US 19, US 20, US 22, US 30, US 40, US 44, US 46, US 62, US 130, US 201, US 202, US 206, US 209, US 219, US 220, US 222, US 224, US 302, US 322, US 422, US 522.

The Northeast has the highest amount of tolled roads/bridges in the nation with only two states in the Northeast having no tolls, Connecticut and Vermont. Notable turnpikes include the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76/I-276/I-95), New Jersey Turnpike (partially I-95), New York Thruway (I-87/I-90), Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90), Maine Turnpike (I-95), PA Turnpike Northeast Extension (I-476). The northeast also contains many tolled and non-tolled parkways, many of which are in New York City metro. Major parkways include the Garden State Parkway, Taconic State Parkway, Hutchinson River Parkway, Saw Mill River Parkway, Lake Ontario State Parkway, Niagara Scenic Parkway, Belt Parkway, Grand Central Parkway, Northern State Parkway.

Major crossings
The George Washington Bridge crossing the Hudson River, carrying most traffic on Interstate 95 from New Jersey to New York.

History
The Jersey City Terminal, a major rail and ferry connection between New Jersey and New York City.
The Cross-Bronx Expressway (I-95) is a urban freeway which was built using slum clearance polices in the 1950s and 1960s. Today it is one of the most congested highways in the nation. It is regarded as a major cause for urban decay in the Bronx.[71]


The Northeast has been a place for many firsts in transportation in the USA, from the first commercial railroad in the US in Milton, Massachusetts (Granite Railway), first rapid transit system (MBTA Green Line),[72] the first limited access road was the Bronx River Parkway, opened in 1922,[73] New York is also where the first urban freeway was built in the late-1930s.[74] (FDR Drive) The northeast would also be home to some of the first major freeway revolts in Greenwich Village,[75] and would see the first major highway teardown (Miller Highway) in the 1970s.[76]

Before European settlement, most of the Northeast was loosely connected by Native American trails, some of which would be incorporated into early-European settlement roads and turnpikes. One major early road was the Boston Post Road, connecting New York City and Boston along the Connecticut and Rhode Island coasts.[77] Later these roads would be included in the King's Highway, spanning most of the east coast. Smaller turnpikes would also connect cities across the northeast. These roads would prove essential to moving goods across the English colonies in the 18th century and would later play a large part in the American Revolution.[78]

The region would a boom in canals built in the early-19th century, with a major canal being the Erie Canal, opened in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and Atlantic Ocean through Western New York.[79] The first railroads would be built in the late-1820s and would explode in mileage in the mid to late 19th century.[80] Places like Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Newark, and Pittsburgh would become large water and rail hubs during the Industrial Revolution and would see tremendous booms in population and use.[81]

Many large rivers in the northeast like the Hudson and Delaware would be slowly crossed with bridges starting in the 1800s, with the first fixed crossing of the Hudson River south of Albany being the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge, opened in 1889.[82] The Delair Bridge, which would connect Philadelphia with New Jersey was opened six years later in 1896.[83] The first crossing of the Hudson River into New York City would be the series of Hudson River PATH tunnels, being opened in 1908 and 1909.[84] The first major vehicle tunnel would be the Holland Tunnel, opened up in 1927.[85]

The start of highway construction would be the Bronx River Parkway and Long Island Motor Parkway, both of which started construction in the early-1900s.[86] The rise of Robert Moses in New York would see the construction of many major road bridges and highways crossing the city and metro area. East River Drive (eventually renamed FDR Drive), was built along the corresponding river in Manhattan.[87] The mid-20th century would see the rise of urban and suburban freeways and the decline of passenger and freight rail, with many lesser used tracks being abandoned or torn up during this time.[88] It would also see the original Pennsylvania Station demolished in Midtown Manhattan during the mid-1960s.[89] The construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway in New York, Central Artery in Boston, and the Vine Street Expressway in Philadelphia tore up many ethnic and minority neighborhoods in the name of urban renewal.[90][91][92][93] Many other highways were proposed during this era, like the Lower Manhattan Expressway and the Inner Belt in Boston, which were not built due to fierce highway revolts and rising costs.[75][93][94] After the major highway revolts and rise of environmental concerns, new highway and interstate projects were mostly cancelled or shortened in the Northeast by the 1990s.

Despite the lack of new major road projects in the Northeast, the region has still continued to grow in population, resulting in the rise of alternative forms of transport like HOV lanes or commuter rails. This has led to the Northeast having one of the highest transit usage percentages in North America, with the Long Island Railroad being the most used commuter rail in the continent.[95] One exception was the Big Dig, a major road project that would tear down the former elevated Central Artery (I-93) and instead tunnel it (and widen). It would also construct a new Charles River bridge and the Ted Williams Tunnel (I-90). This would end up becoming one of the costliest construction projects in the world, costing $21 billion dollars adjusted to 2020 inflation.[96] The former highway's path would become the Rose Kennedy Greenway, a large public park. The Sheridan Expressway (former I-895) was also rebuilt into a boulevard in the late-2010s.[97] Rochester, New York has torn down the Inner Loop due to low traffic and to reunify neighborhoods in downtown and to create developable space.[98]

Culture

One geographer, Wilbur Zelinsky, asserts that the Northeast region lacks a unified cultural identity,[7] but has served as a "culture hearth" for the rest of the nation.[99] Several much smaller geographical regions within the Northeast have distinct cultural identities.[7]

Landmarks

Almost half of the National Historic Landmarks maintained by the National Park Service are located in the Northeastern United States.[100]

Religion

According to a 2009 Gallup poll, the Northeastern states differ from most of the rest of the U.S. in religious affiliation, generally reflecting the descendants of immigration patterns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many Catholics arriving from Ireland, Italy, French Canada - Quebec, Portugal and east-central Europe. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey are the only states in the nation where Catholics outnumber Protestants and other Christian denominations. More than 20% of respondents in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont declared no religious identity.[101] Compared to other U.S. regions, the Northeast, along with the Pacific Northwest, has had the lowest regular religious service attendance and the fewest people for whom religion is an important part of their daily lives as of 2015.[102]

Sports

The Northeast region is home to numerous professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB),[103] with more than 100 championships collectively among them.[104]

Major League Soccer features four Northeastern teams: New England Revolution, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls and Philadelphia Union. The region also has two WNBA teams: Connecticut Sun and New York Liberty.

Notable golf tournaments in the Northeastern United States include The Northern Trust, Travelers Championship, and Atlantic City LPGA Classic. The US Open, held in New York, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments.

Notable Northeastern motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Pocono Raceway, New Hampshire Motor Speedway and Lime Rock Park, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR and International Motor Sports Association races. Also, drag strips such as Englishtown, Epping and Reading have hosted NHRA national events. Belmont Park at New York hosts the Belmont Stakes horse races, which is part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

The region has also been noted for the prevalence of the traditionally Northeastern sports of ice hockey and lacrosse.[105]

Health

The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Northeastern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.[106]

Politics
Main article: Political party strength in U.S. states

The Northeastern United States tended to vote Republican in federal elections through the first half of the 20th century, but the region has since the 1990s shifted to become the most Democratic in the nation.[47] Results from a 2008 Gallup poll indicated that eight of the top ten Democratic states were located in the region, with every Northeastern state having a Democratic Party affiliation advantage of at least ten points.[107] The following table demonstrates Democratic support in the Northeast as compared to the remainder of the nation.[108]

Year % President vote % Senate seats % House seats
Northeast Remainder Northeast Remainder Northeast Remainder
2000 57.6 47.5 60.0 46.3 59.6 45.7
2002     60.0 45.0 58.3 44.7
2004 57.1 47.3 60.0 40.0 59.5 43.0
2006     75.0 45.0 73.8 48.3
2008 60.7 52.0 80.0 52.5 81.0 52.9
2010     75.0 47.5 67.9 38.5

The following table of United States presidential election results since 1920 illustrates that over the past seven presidential elections, only three Northeastern states supported a Republican candidate (New Hampshire voted for George W. Bush in 2000; Pennsylvania and Maine's 2nd congressional district voted for Donald Trump in 2016).[109] 2004 is so far the only election in U.S. history in which the winner did not win any northeastern state. Bolded entries indicate that party's candidate also won the general election.

State 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
CT R R R R D D D R R R D D D R R R R R D D D D D D D D
ME R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R D D D D D D D
(R ME-02)		 D
(R ME-02)
MA R R D D D D D D R R D D D D D R R D D D D D D D D D
NH R R R R D D D R R R R D R R R R R R D D R D D D D D
NJ R R R D D D D R R R D D R R R R R R D D D D D D D D
NY R R R D D D D R R R D D D R D R R D D D D D D D D D
PA R R R R D D D R R R D D D R D R R R D D D D D D R D
RI R R D D D D D D R R D D D R D D R D D D D D D D D D
VT R R R R R R R R R R R D R R R R R R D D D D D D D D

The following table shows the breakdown of party affiliation of governors, attorneys general, state legislative houses and U.S. congressional delegation for the Northeastern states, as of May 2020. (Demographics reflect registration-by-party figures from that state's registered voter statistics.)

StateGovernorAttorney generalUpper House majorityLower House majoritySenior U.S. senatorJunior U.S. senatorU.S. House delegationDemographics
CT Democratic Democratic Democratic
23-13		 Democratic
92-59		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
5-0		 Democratic
36-21
ME Democratic Democratic Democratic
21-14		 Democratic
89-57-5		 Republican Independent Democratic
2-0		 Democratic
32-27
MA Democratic Democratic Democratic
34-6		 Democratic
127-32		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
9-0		 Democratic
35-11
NH Republican Republican Republican
14-10		 Republican
213-187		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
2-0		 Republican
30-27
NJ Democratic Democratic Democratic
24-16		 Democratic
52-28		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
10-2		 Democratic
32-21
NY Democratic Democratic Democratic
40-23		 Democratic
106-43-1		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
23-6		 Democratic
49-24
PA Democratic Democratic Republican
28-22		 Democratic
102-101		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
9-8		 Democratic
46-39
RI Democratic Democratic Democratic
33-5		 Democratic
66-9		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
2-0		 Democratic
42-11
VT Republican Democratic Democratic
22-6-2		 Democratic
95-43-7-5		 Democratic Independent Democratic
1-0		 Democratic
47-31

See also

Notes
  1. The term "East Coast" almost exclusively refers to the Northeastern megalopolis. As stated in numerous dictionaries and encyclopedias, including both the Oxford English Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary, the 'East Coast' primarily refers to the region between Washington D.C. and Boston.[3][4][5] Historically, the term has always connoted the Northeast.
  2. The U.S. Census Bureau reorganized its administrative units, and its regional offices do not cover the Census regions (the northeasternmost regional office headquartered in New York covers New England, New York, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico).[29]
  3. Based on U.S. Census Bureau population projections to 2030 (and assuming constant land area) the population density for the South Atlantic division will increase significantly to 294.6/mi2, New England's density will increase to 249.2/mi2 and the East North Central division will increase only slightly to 200.2/mi2. The division with the 5th highest density is projected to be the East South Central division at 111.6/mi2.[61]

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  109. "Historical Election Results". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. May 20, 2019. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northeastern United States.

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