Taxonomy of Protista

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor;[lower-alpha 1] but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".[1][2][lower-alpha 2]

Comparison between the taxonomy and the phylogeny of protists. Notice the paraphyly of the kingdoms and subkingdoms

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Key to symbols used:

* = Paraphyletic group

† = Extinct group

? = Group no longer mentioned in recent taxonomical publications

Kingdom Protozoa*

The Protozoa Godfuss (1817) is a paraphyletic assemblage of several groups of heterotrophic microorganisms. They are divided into two main groups:[3]

Subkingdom Sarcomastigota* Cavalier-Smith (1983), which contains the protist phyla more closely related to fungi and animals: Amoebozoa, Choanozoa and Sulcozoa*, as well as the phylum Microsporidia that has recently been integrated into the Fungi kingdom instead.[4]

Subkingdom Eozoa* Cavalier-Smith (2003), which contains the excavate phyla Euglenozoa, Percolozoa, Loukozoa* and Metamonada.

Phylum Amoebozoa

Phylogeny of Amoebozoa[5]

Tevosa

Evosea

	Variosea

	Mycetozoa

Discosea: Acanthamoeba

Discosea: Mayorella

Discosea: Thecamoeba

Discosea: Vermamoeba

Tubulinea: Leptomyxa

Tubulinea: Hyalosphenia

Tubulinea: Centropyxis

Tubulinea: Arcella

Tubulinea: Amoeba

Tubulinea: Chaos

Archamoebea: Entamoeba

Variosea: Multicilia

Variosea: Protostelium

Mycetozoa: Ceratiomyxa

Mycetozoa: Lycogala

Mycetozoa: Mucilago

Mycetozoa: Physarum

The current classification of phylum Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 em. Cavalier-Smith 1998 isn't entirely phylogenetic: subphylum Lobosa* is a paraphyletic group (Glycopoda* and Cutosa) as opposed to the monophyletic subphylum Conosa, and the superclass Glycopoda* is also a paraphyletic grouping (Discosea and Tubulinea) as opposed to the monophyletic superclass Cutosa. Phylogenetic trees show that Discosea is sister to Tevosa (Tubulinea + Evosea), and Tubulinea is sister to Evosea (Cutosa + Conosa).[5]

Subphylum Lobosa* Carpenter (1861) em. Cavalier-Smith (2009)
- Superclass Glycopoda* Cavalier-Smith (2016)
  - Class Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) sensu Smirnov et al. (2011)
    - Subclass Centramoebia Cavalier-Smith et al. (2016)[6]
      - Order Centramoebida Rogerson & Patterson (2002) em. Cavalier-Smith (2004)
        Family Acanthamoebidae Sawyer & Griffin (1975) em. Tice et al. (2016)[7] – Acanthamoeba, Luapeleamoeba, Protacanthamoeba, Dracoamoeba, Vacuolamoeba
        
        Family Balamuthiidae Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Balamuthia
      - Order Himatismenida Page (1987)
        Suborder Tectiferina Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011)
        Family Cochliopodiidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Cochliopodium, Coenopodium, Ovalopodium
        
        Suborder Parvamoebina Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011)
        Family Parvamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) – Parvamoeba
        
        Suborder Pellitina Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith (2011) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2014) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith
        Family Goceviidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2014) – Gocevia, Paragocevia, Endostelium
        
        Family Pellitidae Smirnov & Kudryavtsev (2005) – Pellita
    - Subclass Flabellinia Smirnov et al. (2005)
      - Order Dermamoebida Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. Smirnov et al. (2011)
        Family Dermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) – Dermamoeba, Paradermamoeba
        
        Family Mayorellidae Schaeffer (1926) – Mayorella
      - Order Glycostylida Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. (2016)
        Suborder Vannellina Smirnov et al. (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
        Family Vannellidae Bovee, (1979) – Vannella, Clydonella, Lingulamoeba, Ripella, Paravannella, Pessonella
        
        Suborder Dactylopodina Smirnov et al. (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
        Family Paramoebidae Poche (1913) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2011, 2015) – Paramoeba, Cunea, Pseudoparamoeba, Janickina, Korotnevella
        
        Family Vexilliferidae Page (1987) – Vexillifera
        
        Suborder Stygamoebina Smirnov and Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011) stat. nov. (2016)
        Family Stygamoebidae Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011) – Stygamoeba
      - Order Thecamoebida Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011)
        Family Thecamoebidae Schaeffer (1926) em. Smirnov et al. (2011) – Thecamoeba, Pseudothecamoeba, Thecochaos
        
        Family Stenamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Sappinia, Stenamoeba
        
        Family Vermistellidae Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6] – Vermistella
  - Class Tubulinea Smirnov et al. (2005)
    - Subclass Corycidia Kang et al. (2017)[5]
      - Order Trichosida Moebius (1889)
        Family Trichosphaeriidae Sheehan & Banner (1973) – Trichosphaerium, ?Pontifex, ?Atrichosa
        
        Family Microcoryciidae de Saedeleer (1934) – Amphizonella, Diplochlamys, Microcorycia, Parmulina, Penardochlamys, Zonomyxa
    - Subclass Echinamoebia Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
      - Order Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) em. stat. nov. Smirnov et al. (2011)
        Family Echinamoebidae Page (1975) – Echinamoeba, Micriamoeba
        
        Family Vermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011) – Vermamoeba
    - Subclass Elardia Kang et al. (2017)[5]
      - Order Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons (1976) sensu Page (1987)
        Family Leptomyxidae Pussard & Pons (1976) – Leptomyxa[8][9][10]
        
        Family Rhizamoebidae Smirnov et al. (2016) – Rhizamoeba[8]
        
        Family Flabellulidae Bovee (1970) – Flabellula [incl. Paraflabellula]
        
        Family Gephyramoebidae Pussard & Pons (1976) – Gephyramoeba[8]
      - Superorder Eulobosia Cavalier-smith (2016)
        Order Arcellinida Kent (1880)[11]
        Suborder Phryganellina Bovee (1985)
        Family Phryganellidae Jung (1942) – Phryganella
        
        Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung (1942) – Cryptodifflugia[12]
        
        Suborder Organoconcha Lahr et al. (2019)
        Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden (1985) – Microchlamys, Spumochlamys, Pyxidicula
        
        Suborder Glutinoconcha Lahr et al. (2019)
        Infraorder Volnustoma Lahr et al. (2019)
        Family Heleoperidae Jung (1942) – Heleopera
        
        Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. (2019)
        Family Hyalospheniidae Schultze (1877) emend. Kosakyan et al. (2012) – Alabasta, Alocodera, Apodera, Certesella, Cornutheca, Gibbocarina, Hyalosphenia, Longinebela, Mrabella, Nebela, Padaungiella, Planocarina, Porosia, Quadrulella
        
        Infraorder Excentrosoma Lahr et al. (2019)
        Family Centropyxidae Jung (1942) [incl. Plagiopyxidae] – Awerinzewia, Bullinularia, Centropyxis, Golemanskia,[11] Plagiopyxis
        
        Infraorder Cylindrothecina González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara (2022)[11]
        Family Cylindrifflugiidae González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara (2022) – Cylindrifflugia[11]
        
        Infraorder Longithecina Lahr et al. (2019)
        Family Difflugiidae Wallich (1864) – Difflugia, Zivkovicia, ?Prantlitina[13]
        
        Family Lesquereusiidae Jung (1942) – Lesquereusia
        
        Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. (2016)
        Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg (1843) – Arcella, Galeripora
        
        Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. (2016) – Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Netzelia
        
        Arcellinida genera incertae sedis – Acipyxis, Apolimia, Argynnia, Armipyxis, Conicocassis, Cornuapyxis, Ellipsopyxella, Ellipsopyxis, Erugomicula, Frenopyxis, Geamphorella, Geoplagiopyxis, Geopyxella, Hoogenraadia, Jungia, Lagenodifflugia, Lamptopyxis, Lamptoquadrula, Leptochlamys, Maghrebia, Meisterfeldia, Microquadrula, Nabranella, Oopyxis, Paracentropyxis, Paraquadrula, Pentagonia, Physochila, Planhoogenraadia, Pomoriella, Pontigulasia, Proplagiopyxis, Protoplagiopyxis, Protocucurbitella, Pseudawerintzewia, Pseudonebela, Schoenbornia, Sexangularia, Suiadifflugia, Trigonopyxis, Wailesella
        
        Order Euamoebida Lepşi (1960) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
        Suborder Amoebina Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
        Family Amoebidae (Ehrenberg (1838)) Page (1987) – Amoeba, Chaos, Polychaos, Parachaos, Trichamoeba, Deuteramoeba, Hydramoeba
        
        Family Hartmannellidae Volkonsky (1931) em. Smirnov et al. (2011) – Cashia, Copromyxa, Copromyxella, Glaeseria, Hartmannella, Ptolemeba, Saccamoeba
        
        Suborder Nolandina Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
        Family Nolandellidae Cavalier-Smith (2011), Lahr & Katz (2011) – Nolandella
- Superclass Cutosa Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
  - Class Cutosea Cavalier-Smith (2016)
    - Order Squamocutida Cavalier-Smith (2016)
      - Family Squamamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Squamamoeba
      - Family Sapocribridae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Sapocribrum
Subphylum Conosa Cavalier-Smith (1998)
- Infraphylum Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith (1993) stat. nov. (1998)
  - Class Archamoebea Cavalier-Smith (1983) stat. nov. (2004)
    - Order Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
      - Family Entamoebidae Chatton (1925) – Entamoeba
    - Order Pelobiontida Page (1976)
      - Suborder Mastigamoebina Frenzel (1897) stat. nov. (2016)
        Family Mastigamoebidae Goldschmidt (1907) – Endolymax, Iodamoeba, Mastigamoeba
        
        Family Rhizomastixidae Ptáčková et al. (2013) – Rhizomastix
      - Suborder Pelomyxina Starobogatov, (1980) stat. nov. (2016)
        Family Pelomyxidae Schulze (1877) – Mastigella, Pelomyxa
    - Archamoebea genera incertae sedis – Endamoeba, Mastigina, Tricholimax
- Infraphylum Semiconosia Cavalier-Smith (2013)
  - Superclass Variosia Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
    - Class Variosea Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. (2016)
      - Order Holomastigida Lauterborn (1895)
        Family Multiciliidae Poche (1913) – Multicilia
      - Order Phalansteriida Hibberd (1983) em. (2016)
        Family Phalansteriidae Saville Kent (1880–1881) – Phalansterium
        
        Family Dictyamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Dictyamoeba
        
        Family Arboramoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Arboramoeba
        
        Family Schizoplasmodiidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Schizoplasmodium, Nematostelium, Ceratiomyxella
        
        Family Rhizomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Rhizomonas
        
        Family Rigidomastigidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Rigidimastix
        
        Family Trichonemidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Trichonemum, Mitophora
      - Order Artodiscida Cavalier-Smith (2013)
        Family Artodiscidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Artodiscus, Tetracilia
      - Order Varipodida Cavalier-Smith (2004)
        Family Filamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Filamoeba, Heliamoeba
        
        Family Flamellidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Flamella, Telaepolella
      - Order Protostelida Olive (1967) ex Olive & Stoianovitch (1966) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
        Family Protosteliidae Olive (1962) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Protostelium, Planoprotostelium
        
        Family Soliformovidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) em. (2016) – Soliformovum, Grellamoeba
  - Superclass Mycetozoa de Bary (1859) ex Rostafinski (1873) [=Eumycetozoa Zopf (1884) sensu Kang et al. (2017)]
    - Class Dictyostelea Lister (1909) emend. Olive (1970) [=Dictyosteliomycetes Doweld (2001)] – Acytostelium, Cavenderia, Coremiostelium, Dictyostelium, Heterostelium, Polysphondylium, Raperostelium, Rostrostelium, Speleostelium, Tieghemostelium, Synstelium, ?Coenonia
    - Class Ceratiomyxea Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14] [=Ceratiomyxomycetes D. Hawksw., B. Sutton & Ainsw. (2019); =Protosporangiida Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. (2012)] – Ceratiomyxa, Clastostelium, Protosporangium
    - Class Myxogastrea Cavalier-Smith (1993) [=Myxomycetes Link (1833)]
      - Subclass Lucisporomycetidae [=Lucisporinia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)][14]
        Superorder Cribariidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Order Cribariales T. Macbr. (1922)
        Family Cribariaceae Corda (1838) – Cribaria, Lindbladia, Licaethalium
        
        Superorder Trichiidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Order Reticulariales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Family Reticulariaceae Chevall. (1842) – Alwisia, Lycogala, Reticularia, Tubifera
        
        Order Liceales E. Jahn (1928)
        Family Liceaceae Chevall. (1826) – Licea, Listerella
        
        Order Trichiales T. Macbr. (1922)
        Family Dianemataceae T. Macbr. (1922) – Calomyxa, Dianema, Dictydiaethalium, Prototrichia
        
        Family Trichiaceae Chevall. (1826) sensu Martin & Alexopoulos (1969) – Hemitrichia [incl. Trichia decipiens], Arcyria [incl. Arcyodes], Perichaena, Trichia [incl. Cornuvia + Metatrichia + Oligonema]
        
        Lucisporomycetidae genera incertae sedis – Arcyriatella, Calonema, Minakatella, Trichioides
      - Subclass Columellomycetidae [=Collumellinia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)][14]
        Superorder Echinosteliidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Order Echinosteliales G. W. Martin (1961)
        Family Echinosteliaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) – Barbeyella, Echinostelium [incl. Semimorula]
        
        Superorder Stemonitidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Order Clastodermatales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Family Clastodermataceae Alexop. & T.E. Brooks (1971) – Clastoderma
        
        Order Meridermatales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
        Family Meridermataceae Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Meriderma
        
        Order Stemonitidales T. Macbr. (1922) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)
        Family Stemonitidaceae Fr. (1829) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Macbrideola, Stemonitis, Symphytocarpus
        
        Family Amaurochaetaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Comatricha, Stemonaria, Stemonitopsis, Amaurochaete, Brefeldia, Enerthenema, Paradiacheopsis
        
        Order Physarales T. Macbr. (1922)
        Family Lamprodermataceae T. Macbr. (1899) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) — Lamproderma [incl. Dichaeopsis + Colloderma + Elaeomyxa], ?Collaria
        
        Family Didymiaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) – Diderma, Didymium, Lepidoderma, Mucilago
        
        Family Physaraceae Chevall. (1826) – Craterium, Leocarpus, Fuligo, Physarum, Physarella, Physarina, Kelleromyxa, Badhamia
        
        Columellomycetidae genera incertae sedis – Diachea, Echinosteliopsis, Leptoderma, Paradiachea, Protophysarum, Trabrooksia, Willkommlangea
Amoebozoa families incertae sedis
- Family Stereomyxidae Grell (1966) – Steremoyxa, Corallomyxa

Phylum Choanozoa*

Phylogeny of Choanozoa*[4][15]

Opisthokonta

Holomycota

Fungi

	Eumycota

	Aphelida

	Rozellida

	Microsporidia

	Choanoflagellatea

	Metazoa

The phylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 is a paraphyletic grouping of all protists in the clade Opisthokonta that aren't fungi or animals. It is divided into two subphyla: Choanofila, more closely related to Kingdom Animalia, and Paramycia, more closely related to Kingdom Fungi.[16] Although previously grouped in Paramycia, recent taxonomies place Aphelida and Rozellida as separate phyla inside the Fungi kingdom.[4]

Subphylum Choanofila* Cavalier-Smith (2009)
- Class Choanoflagellatea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
  - Order Craspedida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
    - Famly Salpingoecidae Saville Kent (1880) em. Nitsche et al. (2011) – Choanoeca, Codosiga, Monosiga, Salpingoeca
  - Order Acanthoecida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
    - Family Acanthoecidae Norris (1965) – Acanthoeca, Savillea, Polyoeca, etc.
    - Family Stephanoecidae Leadbeater (2011) – Diaphanoeca, Acanthorbis, etc.
- Class Filasterea Cavalier-Smith (2008)
  - Order Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
    - Family Ministeriidae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Ministeria
    - Family Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Capsaspora
- Class Corallochytrea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
  - Order Corallochytrida Cavalier-Smith (1995)
    - Family Corallochytriidae Cavalier-Smith (1995) – Corallochytrium
- Class Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
  - Order Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith (1998)
    - Family Rhinosporidiidae Mendoza et al. (2001) – Amphibiocystidium, Amphibiothecum, Rhinosporidium, Sphaerothecum, Dermocystidium
  - Order Eccrinida Léger & Dubosq (1929)
    - Suborder Trichomycina Cavalier-Smith (2012)[16]
      - Family Amoebidiidae Lichtenstein 1917 ex Kirk et al. (2001) – Amoebidium, Paramoebidium
      - Family Eccrinidae Léger & Dubosq 1929 ex Kirk et al. (2001) – Astreptonema, Enterobryus, Enteropogon, Parataeniella, Palavascia, Taeniella
      - Family Ichthyophonidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Ichthyophonus
    - Suborder Sphaeroformina Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Family Creolimacidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Anurofeca, Creolimax, Sphaeroforma
      - Family Piridae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Pirum, Abeoforma
      - Family Psorospermidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Psorospermis
Subphylum Paramycia* Cavalier-Smith (2012)
- Class Cristidiscoidea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
  - Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Family Nucleariidae Page (1987) – Nuclearia, Vampyrellidium
  - Order Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Family Fonticulidae Worley et al. (1979) – Fonticula
- Class Rozellidea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
  - Order Aphelidida Cavalier-Smith (2012) [=Phylum Aphelidiomycota Tedersoo (2018); =Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin & Mikhailov (2014)][17] → in Taxonomy of Fungi
    - Family Aphelidiidae Gromov (2000) – Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium,[18] Pseudaphelidium
  - Order Rozellida Cavalier-Smith (2012) [=Phylum Cryptomycota M. D. M. Jones & T. A. Richards (2011)] → in Taxonomy of Fungi
    - Family Rozellidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Rozella

Phylum Loukozoa

Class Jakobea Cavalier-Smith (1999)

Order Jakobida

Family Histionidae

Family Jakobidae

Class Malawimonadea

Order Malawimonadida

Family Malawimonadidae

Phylum Metamonada

Subphylum Anaeromonada
- Class Anaeromonadea
  - Order Trimastigida
    - Family Trimastigidae
  - Order Oxymonadida
    - Family Oxymonadidae
    - Family Polymastigidae
    - Family Pyrsonymphidae
    - Family Saccinobaculidae
    - Family Streblomastigidae
Subphylum Trichozoa
- Superclass Parabasalia
  - Class Trichomonadea
    - Order Trichomonadida
      - Family Calonymphidae
      - Family Cochlosomatidae
      - Family Devescovinidae
      - Family Monocercomonadidae
      - Family Trichomonadidae
    - Order Lophomonadida
      - Family Deltotrichonymphidae
      - Family Joeniidae
      - Family Kofoidiidae
      - Family Lophomonadidae
      - Family Microjoeniidae
      - Family Rhizonymphidae
    - Order Spirotrichonymphida
      - Family Holomastigotidae
      - Family Holomastigotoididae
      - Family Spirotrichonymphidae
  - Class Trichonymphea
    - Order Trichonymphida
      - Family Eucomonymphidae
      - Family Hoplonymphidae
      - Family Spirotrichosomidae
      - Family Staurojoeninidae
      - Family Teranymphidae
      - Family Trichonymphidae
- Superclass Carpediemonadia
  - Class Carpediemonadea
    - Order Carpediemonadida
      - Family Carpediemonadidae
- Superclass Eopharyngia
  - Class Trepomonadea
    - Subclass Diplozoa
      - Order Distomatida Klebs, 1892
        Family Hexamitidae Kent, 1880
      - Order Giardiida Kunstler, 1882
        Family Giardiidae Cavalier-Smith, 1996
    - Subclass Enteromonadia
      - Order Enteromonadida
        Family Enteromonadidae Kulda & Nohýnková, 1976
  - Class Retortamonadea
    - Order Retortamonadida
      - Family Retortamonadidae Wenrich, 1932

Phylum Percolozoa

Class Heterolobosea
- Order Schizopyrenida Singh, 1952
  - Family Gruberellidae
  - Family Vahlkampfiidae
- Order Acrasida (Schröter), Page & Blanton, 1985
  - Family Acrasidae
- Order Lyromonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  - Family Lyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
Class Percolatea
- Order Percolomonadida
  - Family Percolatea
- Order Pseudociliatida Corliss & Lipscomb, 1982
  - Family Stephanopogonidae Corliss, 1961

Phylum Euglenozoa

Subphylum Plicostoma
- Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884
  - Order Euglenales
    - Family Euglenaceae
  - Order Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    - Family Petalomonadaceae
  - Order Peranemida Bütschli, 1884
    - Family Peranemataceae Dujardin, 1841
  - Order Rhabdomonadida Leedale, 1967
    - Family Rhabdomonadaceae
- Class Diplonemea
  - Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    - Family Diplonemidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
Subphylum Saccostoma
- Class Kinetoplastea
  - Order Bodonida Hollande, 1952
    - Family Bodonidae Bütschli, 1887
  - Order Trypanosomatida (Kent, 1880) Hollande, 1952
    - Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein, 1901

Kingdom Chromista

Phylum Telonemia

Class Telonemea Cavalier-Smith (1993) [=Telonemia Shalchian-Tabrizi (2006)]
- Order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
  - Family Telonemidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) – Lateronema, Telonema

Phylum Haptista

Subphylum Alveidia Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
- Class Alveidea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
  - Order Alveida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
    - Family Ancoracystidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Ancoracysta
Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith (2015)
- Class Coccolithophyceae Casper (1972) ex Rothmaler (1951) [=Prymnesiophyceae Hibberd em. Cavalier-Smith (1996)]
  - Order Braarudosphaerales M.P.Aubry (2013)
    - Family Braarudosphaeraceae Deflandre (1947) – Braarudosphaera, Citrocalculus, Goniolithus, Micrantholithus
  - Order Coccolithales Schwarz (1932)
    - Family Calcidiscaceae Young & Bown (1997) – Calcicarpinum, Calcidiscus, Calcidiscuus, Cycloplacolithus [=Cycloplacolithella], Hayaster, Oolithotus, Umbilicosphaera
    - Family Calyptrosphaeraceae Boudreaux & Hay (1969) – Anthosphaera, Balaniger, Calicasphaera, Calyptrolithina, Calyptrolithophora, Calyptrosphaera, Corisphaera, Crystallolithus, Daktylethra, Flosculosphaera, Gliscolithus, Helladosphaera, Holococcolithophora, Homozygosphaera, Periphyllophora, Poricalyptra, Poritectolithus, Quaternariella, Sphaerocalyptra, Syracolithus, Turrisphaera, Zygosphaera
    - Family Coccolithaceae Poche (1913) – Bramletteius, Caliptrosphaerites, Campylosphaera, Chiasmolithus, Clausibella, Clausicoccus, Coccolithophora, Coccolithus [=Coccosphaera], Coronocyclus, Craticullithus, Cruciplacolithus, Cruciplectus, Cylindrosphaera, Cylindrosphaerites, Diadelithus, Ectalithus, Ericsonia, Hughesius, Kilwalithus, Lithastrinus, Pletolithus, Rhabdosphaerites, Solidopons, Stradnerius, Sullivania, Tergestiella, Thalassopappus
    - Family Hymenomonadaceae Senn in Engler & Prant (1900) emend. Gayral (1989) – Cricosphaera, Hymenomonas, Jomonlithus, Ochrosphaera
    - Family Pleurochrysidaceae Fresnel & Billard (1991) – Pleurochrysis
    - Family Reticulosphaeraceae Cavalier-Smith (1996)[20] – Reticulosphaera
  - Order Coccosphaerales Haeckel (1894) [=Coccolithophorales Schiller (1926)]
    - Family Braarudosphaeraceae Deflandre (1947) – Braarudosphaera
    - Family Deflandriaceae Black (1968)[21] [=Papposphaeraceae Jordan & Young (1990)] – Deflandrius, Pappomonas, Papposphaera
    - Family Halopappaceae Kamptner (1928) – Halopappus
    - Coccosphaerales genera incertae sedis – Thorosphaera
  - Order Isochrysidales Pascher (1910)
    - Family Gephyrocapsaceae Black (1971) – Crenalithus
    - Family Isochrysidaceae Pascher (1910) – Chrysidalis, Chrysotila, Dicrateria, Isochrysis, Pseudoisochrysis, Scintilla, Tessella, Tisochrysis
    - Family Noelaerhabdaceae Jerkovic (1970) – Apertapetra, Emiliania, Gephyrocapsa, Reticulofenestra
  - Order Phaeocystales Medlin in Edvardsen et al. (2000)[22]
    - Family Phaeocystaceae Lagerheim (1896) – Phaeocystis
  - Order Prymnesiales Papenfuss (1955)
    - Family Chrysochromulinaceae Edvardsen, Eikrem & Medlin (2011)[23] – Chrysochromulina, Erkenia
    - Family Chrysoculteraceae T.Nakayama, M.Yoshida, M.-H.Noël, M.Kawachi & I.Inouye (2005)[24] – Chrysoculter
    - Family Prymnesiaceae Conrad ex O.C.Schmidt (1955) – Apistonema, Chrysocampanula, Corymbellus, Haptolina, Hyalolithus, Imantonia, Petasaria, Platychrysis, Prymnesium, Pseudohaptolina
  - Order Syracosphaerales W.W.Hay (1977) em. Jer. R. Young et al. (2003)
    - Family Calciosoleniaceae Kamptner (1937) – Acanthosolenia, Alveosphaera, Anoplosolenia, Calciosolenia, Navisolenia, Scapholithus
    - Family Rhabdosphaeraceae Lemmermann (1903) – Acanthoica, Algirosphaera, Anacanthoica, Blackites, Cruxia, Cyrtosphaera, Discosphaera, Naninfula, Palusphaera, Rhabdolithes, Rhabdosphaera, Solisphaera
    - Family Syracosphaeraceae (Lohmann) Lemmermann (1903) – Calciopappus, Caneosphaera, Coccochrysis, Coronosphaera, Costacentrum, Cricosphaera, Deutschlandia, Gaarderia, Halopappus, Lacrymasphaera, Lohmannosphaera, Michaelsarsia, Ophiaster, Pleurochrysis, Syracorhabdus, Syracosphaera
  - Order Zygodiscales J.R.Young & Bown (1997)
    - Family Helicosphaeraceae M.Black (1971) – Helicopontosphaera, Helicosphaera, Helicosphaerella, Helicosphaeroides
    - Family Pontosphaeraceae Lemmermann (1908) – Aliculosphaera, Argyrosphaera, Discolithina, Discolithus, Koczya, Pontosphaera, Scyphosphaera, Transversopontis
    - Family Zygodiscaceae Hay & Mohler (1967) – Chiphragmalithus, Isthmolithus, Lophodolithus, Neochiastozygus, Neococcolithes, Zygodiscus, Zygolithus
- Class Pavlovophyceae Cavalier-Smith (1986)[25]
  - Order Pavlovales Green (1976)[26]
    - Family Pavlovaceae Green (1976) – Diacronema, Pavlova, Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca
- Class Rappephyceae M. Kawachi, R. Kamikawa & T. Nakayama (2021)[27]
  - Order Pavlomulinales M. Kawachi & I. Inouye (2021)
    - Family Pavlomulinaceae M. Kawachi & I. Inouye (2021) – Pavlomulina
Subphylum Heliozoa Haeckel (1866) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2015)
- Class Centrohelea Kühn (1926) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (1993)
  - Order Acanthocystida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
    - Suborder Marophryina Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Family Marophryidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden (2007) – Marophrys
    - Suborder Chalarothoracina Hertwig & Lesser (1874) stat. nov., em. Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Family Acanthocystidae Claus (1874) emend. Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden (2007) – Acanthocystis, Raphidiocystis, Pseudoraphidiocystis
      - Family Raphidiophryidae Mikrjukov (1996) emend. Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden (2007) – Raphidiophrys, Polyplacocystis, Heteroraphidiophrys, Pseudoraphidiophrys
  - Order Pterocystida Cavalier-Smith (2012)[28]
    - Family Pterocystidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden (2007) – Pterocystis, Rainierophrys, Chlamydaster, Echinocystis
    - Family Choanocystidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden (2007) – Choanocystis
    - Family Heterophryidae Poche (1913) – Heterophrys, Sphaerastrum, Parasphaerastrum
  - Centrohelea genera incertae sedis – Oxnerella, ?Pinaciophora, ?Rabdiophrys, ?Rabdiaster[lower-alpha 3]

Phylum Cryptista

Subphylum Rollomonadia Cavalier-Smith (2013)[29]
- Superclass Cryptomonada Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)
  - Class Cryptophyceae F.E.Fritsch (1927)
    - Order Cryptomonadales Pringsheim (1944)
      - Family Baffinellaceae Daugbjerg & Norlin (2018)[30] – Baffinella
      - Family Butschliellaceae Skvortzov (1968) – Butschliella, Skvortzoviella
      - Family Campylomonadaceae B.L.Clay, P.Kugrens & R.E.Lee (1999)[31] – Campylomonas
      - Family Cryptochrysidaceae Pascher (1911) – Cryptochrysis
      - Family Cryptomonadaceae Ehrenberg (1831) – Chilomonas, Cryptella, Cryptochloris, Cryptomonas, Cyanomastix, Cyanomonas, Isoselmis, Kisselevia, Meyeriella, Naisa, Olivamonas, Protocryptochrysis, Protocryptomonas, Pseudocryptomonas
      - Family Cyathomonadaceae Pringsheim (1944) – Cyathomonas
      - Family Hemiselmidaceae Butcher (1967) ex P.C.Silva (1980) [=Chroomonadaceae B.L.Clay, P.Kugrens & R.E.Lee (1999)[31]] – Chroomonas, Komma, Hemiselmis, Planonephros, Nodeana, Protochrysis, Smithimastix [=Smithiella]
      - Family Hilleaceae Butcher (1967) – Hillea
    - Order Tetragonidiales Kristiansen (1992)
      - Family Tetragonidiaceae Bourrelly ex P.C.Silva (1980) – Bjornbergiella, Tetragonidium
    - Order Pyrenomonadales G.Novarino & I.A.N.Lucas (1990)
      - Family Falcomonadaceae Daugbjerg (2018)[30] – Falcomonas
      - Family Geminigeraceae B.L.Clay, P.Kugrens & R.E.Lee (1990) – Geminigera, Guillardia, Hanusia [=Phia], Proteomonas, Teleaulax [=Plagioselmis], Urgorri
      - Family Pyrenomonadaceae G.Novarino & I.A.N.Lucas (1990) – Pyrenomonas, Rhinomonas, Rhodomonas, Storeatula
    - Cryptophyceae genera incertae sedis – Calkinsiella, Chrysidella, Hemiarma, Pleuromastix, Xanthodiscus
  - Class Goniomonadea Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Order Goniomonadida Novarino & Lucas (1993)
      - Family Goniomonadidae Hill (1991) – Goniomonas
    - Order Hemiarmida Cavalier-Smith (2017)[29]
      - Family Hemiarmidae Cavalier-Smith (2017) – Hemiarma
- Superclass Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)
  - Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith (2004) [=Kathablepharidea Okamoto & Inouye (2005); Kathablepharidophyceae Okamoto & Inouye (2005)]
    - Order Katablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [=Kathablepharida Okamoto & Inouye (2005)]
      - Family Katablepharidae Vors 1992 [=Kathablepharidae (sic) Okamoto & Inouye (2005)] – Roombia, Leucocryptos, Platychilomonas, Hatena, Katablepharis
Subphylum Endohelia Cavalier-Smith (2021)[32]
- Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith (2012)[28]
  - Order Axomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2012) emend. (2021)[32]
    - Family Tetraheliidae Cavalier-Smith (2021) – Tetrahelia
  - Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith (2012)[28]
    - Family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Microheliella
  - ?Order Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith (1993) em. (2012)[28] [=Dimorphida Siemensma (1991)]
    - ?Family Heliomorphidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)[33] – ?Heliomorpha[lower-alpha 4] (=′Dimorpha′ in part)
    - ?Family Acinetactidae Stokes (1886) – Acinetactis (incl. Dimorphiella)
    - ?Family Tetradimorphidae Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre (1984) – Tetradimorpha
Subphylum Palpitia Cavalier-Smith (2012)[34]
- Class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
  - Order Palpitida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
    - Family Palpitomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Palpitomonas

Rhizaria

Phylogeny of Rhizaria[35]

Rhizaria

Cercozoa

Filosa

	Reticulofilosa

	Monadofilosa

	Endomyxa (taxonomically in Retaria)

	Lapot gusevi

Retaria

	Foraminifera

	Polycystinea

Acantharea

The taxonomy of Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 has changed in recent years due to the change in placement of Endomyxa. Originally, phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 was made up of two subphyla: Filosa and Endomyxa.[36] The taxonomy of Cercozoa was then revised in 2018, after phylogenetic analyses placed Endomyxa in phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 instead of Cercozoa, rendering the taxon Filosa as a synonym for Cercozoa.[19] However, thanks to posterior phylogenomic analyses in 2019, the monophyly of Cercozoa (Filosa + Endomyxa) was confirmed, meaning Endomyxa isn't phylogenetically part of Retaria.[35]

This article follows the latest taxonomy, where Endomyxa is still part of Retaria and not Cercozoa,[19] despite this not being phylogenetically true.[35]

Phylum Cercozoa

Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavaler-Smith (1997)
- Class Chlorarachnea [=Chlorarachniophyceae Hibberd and Norris (1984)]
  - Order Chlorarachnida [=Chlorarachniales Ishida et al. (1996)]
    - Family Chlorarachniidae Ishida et al. (1996) – Bigelowiella, Chlorarachnion, Norisiella, Partenskyella, ?Cryptochlora
    - Family Gymnochloridae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Gymnochlora, Amorphochlora, Viridiuvalis
    - Family Lotharellidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Lotharella
  - Order Minorisida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
    - Family Minorisidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Minorisa
- Class Granofilosea Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)[33]
  - Order Cryptofilida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)[33]
    - Family Nanofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Nanofila
    - Family Mesofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Mesofila
  - Order Desmothoracida Hertwig & Lesser (1874)
    - Family Clathrulinidae Claus (1874) – Actinosphaeridium, Clathrulina, Hedriocystis
  - Order Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Family Leucodictyidae Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Family Massisteriidae Cavalier-Smith (1993)
  - Order Limnofilida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)[33]
    - Family Limnofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Limnofila
  - Order Axomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
    - Family Tetradimorphidae Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre (1984) – Tetradimorpha
- Class Skiomonadea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
  - Order Tremulida Cavalier-Smith & Howe (2011)
    - Family Tremulidae Cavalier-Smith, 2018 – Tremula
  - Order Aquavolonida Bass et al., 2018 – Aquavolon
Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith (1997)
- Superclass Eoglissa Cavalier-Smith (2011) em. (2018)
  - Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith (2007)
    - Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith (2003)
      - Family Metopiidae Cavalier-Smith (2003) – Metopion, Micrometopion
    - Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith (2004)
      - Family Metromonadidae Bass & Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Metromonas
      - Family Kiitoksiidae Cavalier-Smith (2014)
  - Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
    - Order Helkesida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
      - Superfamily Sainouroidea Cavalier-Smith (2009) em. (2018)
        Family Sainouridae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Sainouron, Cholamonas
      - Superfamily Helkesimastigoidea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Helkesimastigidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) em. (2018) – Helkesimastix
        
        Family Guttulinopsidae Olive (1970) – Guttulinopsis, Rosculus
- Superclass Ventrifilosa Cavalier-Smith (2012) em. (2018)
  - Class Sarcomonadea Cavalier-Smith (1993) stat. nov. (1995) em. (2018)
    - Subclass Paracercomonada Cavalier-Smith (2018)
      - Order Paracercomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Paracercomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Paracercomonas, Nucleocercomonas, Metabolomonas, Brevimastigomonas, Phytocercomonas
    - Subclass Pediglissa Cavalier-Smith (2018)
      - Order Cercomonadida Poche, 1913 em. Cavalier-Smith
        Family Cavernomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Cavernomonas
        
        Family Cercomonadidae Saville Kent (1880-1881) em. Cavalier-Smith
      - Order Glissomonadida Howe et al. (2009)
        Suborder Allapsina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Allapsidae Howe et al., 2009 – Allapsa, Allantion, Teretomonas
        
        Suborder Sandonina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Bodomorphidae Hollande (1952) – Bodomorpha
        
        Family Sandonidae Howe et al. (2009) – Neoheteromita, Sandona, Flectomonas, Mollimonas
        
        Family Proleptomonadidae Howe et al. (2009) – Proleptomonas
        
        Suborder Pansomonadina Vickerman (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Viridiraptoridae Hess & Melkonian (2013) – Viridiraptor, Orciraptor
        
        Family Agitatidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Agitata
        
        Family Acinetactidae Stokes (1886) – Acinectatis
        
        Family Aurigamonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2011) – Aurigamonas
    - Sarcomonadea families incertae sedis
      - Family Katabiidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Katabia[37]
  - Class Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. Cavalier-Smith (2018)
    - Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith (2021)
        Order Variglissida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
        Family Clautriaviidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Clautriavia
        
        Family Nudifilidae Cavalier-Smith & Howe (2011) – Nudifila
        
        Family Quadriciliidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Quadricilia
        
        Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2011)
        Family Auranticordidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Auranticordis, Rhabdamoeba
        
        Family Cyranomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Cyranomonas
        
        Family Pseudopirsoniidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Pseudopirsonia
        
        Family Abolliferidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Abollifer, Cowlomonas, ?Heterochromonas
      - Superorder Euglyphia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Order Euglyphida Copeland (1956) em. Cavalier-Smith (1987)
        Family Euglyphidae Wallich (1864) – Euglypha
        
        Family Trinematidae Hoogenraad and De Groot (1940) – Corythion, Trinema
        
        Family Sphenoderiidae Chatelain et al. (2013) – Sphenoderia, Trachelocorythion
        
        Family Assulinidae Lara et al. (2006) – Assulina, Placocista
        
        Family Cyphoderiidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Cyphoderia, Corothionella, Pseudocorythion
        
        Family Paulinellidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Paulinella, Ovulinata, Micropyxidiella
        
        Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
        Family Zoelucasidae Cavalier-Smith (2014) – Zoelucasa
      - Superorder Discomonada Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Order Discomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
        Family Discomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2014) – Discomonas
    - Subclass Placoperta Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith (2012)
        Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina (1987)
        Family Thaumatomonadidae Hollande (1952) – Allas, Ovaloplaca, Reckertia, Scutellomonas, Thaumatomonas, Thaumatospina, Penardeugenia
        
        Family Peregriniidae Cavalier-Smith (2011) – Peregrinia, Gyromitus
        
        Family Esquamulidae Shiratori et al. (2012) – Esquamula
        
        Order Discocelida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
        Family Discoceliidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) em. Cavalier-Smith(2012) – Discocelia
      - Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
        Order Spongomonadida Hibberd (1983)
        Family Spongomonadidae Karpov (1990) – Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron
        
        Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
        Family Pompholyxophryidae Page (1987) – Pompholyxophrys
        
        Family Acanthoperlidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Acanthoperla
    - Subclass Krakenia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
      - Order Krakenida Dumack et al. (2017) ex Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Krakenidae Dumack et al. (2017) – Kraken
  - Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. Cavalier-Smith (2012)
    - Subclass Ventricleftia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
      - Order Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith (2011)
        Family Ventrifissuridae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Ventrifissura
        
        Family Verrucomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Verrucomonas
    - Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
        Family Matazidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Order Ebriida Deflandre (1936) – Ebria, Hermesinum, Botuliforma
      - Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
        Family Cryomonadidae Cavalier-Smith, (1993) – Cryothecomonas
        
        Family Protaspidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) – Protaspa
        
        Family Rhogostomidae Dumack et al. (2017) – Rhogostoma, Capsellina, Sacciforma
    - Subclass Phaeodaria Haeckel (1879)
      - Order Eodarida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
    - Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
      - Order Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith (2003)
        Family Chlamydophryidae De Saedeleer (1934)
        
        Family Psammonobiotidae Golemansky (1974)
        
        Family Volutellidae Sudzuki (1979) – Volutella
        
        Suborder Fiscullina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
        Family Fiscullidae Dumack, Mausback and Bonkowski (2017) – Fisculla
        
        Family Pseudodifflugiidae De Saedeleer (1934)
        
        Family Rhizaspididae Skuja (1948) – Rhizaspis

Phylum Retaria

Phylogeny of Retaria[38]

Retaria

Foraminifera

Globothalamea

	Rotaliida

	"Textulariida"

	Acantharea

	Taxopodida

Radiozoa

Subphylum Endomyxa Cavalier-Smith (2002)[lower-alpha 5]
- Superclass Marimyxia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
  - Class Gromiidea Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. (2018)[lower-alpha 6][19]
    - Order Gromiida Claparède and Lachmann (1856)
      - Family Gromiidae Reuss (1862) – Gromia
    - Order Reticulosida Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. (2018)[19]
      - Family Filoretidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)[33] – Filoreta
  - Class Ascetosporea Sprague (1979) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2002)
    - Order Claustrosporida Cavalier-Smith (2003)
      - Family Claustrosporidiidae Larsson (1987) – Claustrosporidium
    - Order Haplosporida Caullery & Mesnil (1889) orthog. em. Lühe (1900) [=Balanosporida Sprague (1979)]
      - Family Haplosporidiidae Sprague (1982) [=Haplosporidae] – Bonamia, Haplosporidium, Minchinia
      - Family Urosporidiidae Sprague (1979) [=Anurosporidiidae] – Urosporidium (=Anurosporidium)
    - Order Mikrocytida Hartikainen et al. (2014)
      - Family Mikrocytidae Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19] – Mikrocytos, Paramikrocytos
    - Order Paradinida Cavalier-Smith (2009)[33]
      - Family Paradiniidae Schiller (1935) – Paradinium
    - Order Paramyxida Chatton (1911)
      - Family Marteiliidae Sprague (1979) – Marteilia, Paramarteilia
      - Family Paramyxidae Chatton (1911) – Paramyxa
- Superclass Proteomyxia Lankester (1885) ex Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
  - Class Vampyrellidea Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
    - Order Vampyrellida West (1901) ex Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19] [=Aconchulinida De Saedeleer (1934)]
      - Family Vampyrellidae Zopf (1885) – Vampyrella
      - Family Leptophryidae Hess et al. (2012) – Leptophrys, Platyreta, Theratromyxa, Vernalophrys
      - Family Arachnulidae Page (1967) – Arachnula
      - Family Hyalodiscidae Poche (1913) – Hyalodiscus
      - Vampyrellida genera incertae sedis – Thalassomyxa
  - Class Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl (1897)
    - Order Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith (1993) – Phagomyxa, Maullinia
      - Family Phagomyxidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) – Phagomyxa
    - Order Plasmodiophorida Cook (1928) [=Plasmodiophorales Engl. (1892);[39] phylum Plasmodiophoromycota R.H. Whittaker (1969)[40]]
      - Family Plasmodiophoridae Zopf (1884) [=Plasmodiophoraceae Zopf ex Berl. (1888)] – Plasmodiophora (=Ostenfeldiella), Spongospora, Tetramyxa (=Molliardia), Hillenburgia[41]
    - Phytomyxea incertae sedis – Marinomyxa[42]
Subphylum Ectoreta Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
- Infraphylum Foraminifera (D’Orbigny (1826)) Eichwald (1830) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19] [=Granuloreticulosa de Saedeleer (1834)]
  - Class Monothalamea* Schultze (1854) [=Monothalamana Pawlowski, Holzmann & Tyszka (2013)[43]][lower-alpha 7]
    - Order Allogromiida Hartog (1906)
      - Suborder Allogromiina Hartog (1906)
        Superfamily Allogromoidea Rhumbler (1904)
        Family Allogromiidae Rhumbler (1904)
        Subfamily Allogromiinae Rhumbler (1904) – Allogromia, Archaeochitinia, Bathyallogromia, Bowseria, Chitinolagena, Chitinosaccus, Cylindrogullmia, Diplogromia, Edaphoallogromia, Gloiogullmia, Goodayia, Guanduella, Labyrinthochitinia, Lieberkuehnia, Marsupulina, Paralieberkuehnia, Penardogromia, Periptygma, Pleurophrys, Rhynchogromia, Rhychosaccus, Saedeleeria, Sphairogullmia, Xenothekella
        
        Subfamily Argillotubinae Avnimelech (1952) – Argillotuba, Conicotheka, Dactylosaccus, Dendrotuba, Micatuba, Micrometula, Nodellum, Resigella
        
        Subfamily Shepheardellinae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Nemogullmia, Phainogullmia, Shepheardella, Tinogullmia
        
        Family Hospitellidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Hospitella, Placopsilinella, Thalamophaga
        
        Family Phthanotrochidae Arnold (1978) – Phthanotrochus
        
        Superfamily Lagynidoidea Schultze (1854)
        Family Lagynidae Schultze (1854) – Apogromia, Belaria, Boderia, Cystophrys, Diplophrys, Heterogromia, Kibisidytes, Lagynis, Microcometes, Myxotheca, Ophiotuba, Pilalla, Plagiophrys, Psammolagynis, Pseudoditrema, Rhumblerinella, Schultzella
        
        Family Maylisoriidae E.V. Bykova (1961) – Chitinodendron, Maylisoria
    - Order Astrorhizida Lankester (1885)
      - Suborder Astrorhizina Lankester (1885)
        Superfamily Astrorhizoidea Brady (1881)
        Family Arboramminidae Shires, Gooday & Jones (1994) – Arborammina, Luffammina
        
        Family Astrorhizidae Brady (1881) – Astrorhiza, Astrorhizoides, Clados, Cystingarhiza, Cylindrammina, Globodendrina, Pelosina, Radicula
        
        Family Dendrophryidae Haeckel (1894) – Dendrophrya, Psammatodendron, Saccodendron, Spiculidendron
        
        Family Diffusilinidae Loeblich & Tappan (1961) – Atelikamara, Diffusilina, Kerionammina
        
        Family Dryorhizopsidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Dryorhizopsis, Sagenina
        
        Family Halyphysemidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Halyphysema, Dendronina
        
        Family Hippocrepinellidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) emend. Mikhalevich (1995) – Amphitremoida, Astrorhizinulla, Crespinitella, Croneisella, Hippocrepinella, Lakites, Lavella
        
        Family Notodendrodidae Delaca, Lipps & Hessler (1980) – Notodendrodes
        
        Family Rhabdamminidae Brady (1884)
        Subfamily Bathysiphoninae Avnimelech (1952) – Bathanotubus, Bathysiphon, Bogdanowiczia, †Nothia, Psammosiphonella, Rhabdamminella, Testulorhiza
        
        Subfamily Rhabdammininae Brady (1884) – Linea, Marsipella, Rhabdammina
        
        Family Schizamminidae Nrrvang (1961) – Jullienella, Schizammina
        
        Family Vanhoeffenellidae Saidova (1981) – Inaruis, Vanhoeffenella
        
        Superfamily Komokioidea Tendal & Hessler (1977)
        Family Baculellidae Tendal & Hesser (1977) – Arbor, Baculella, Crambis, Chondrodapsis, Edgertonia, Neocatena, Skeletonia, Staphylion
        
        Family Komokiidae Tendal & Hessler (1977) – Cerebrum, Globipelorhiza, Ipoa, Komokia, Lana, Reticulum
        
        Family Normaninidae Mikhalevich (1995) – Normanina, Septuma
        
        Family Rhizamminidae Wieser (1931) – Rhizammina
        
        Superfamily Xenophyophoroidea Tendal (1972) [=class Xenophyophorea Schulze (1904)]
        Family Psamminidae Tendal (1972)
        Subfamily Psammettinae Tendal (1972) – Homogammina, Lobammina, Maudammina, Psammetta
        
        Subfamily Psammininae Haeckel (1889) – Cerelpemma, Galatheammina, Psammina, Reticulammina, Semipsammina, Shinkaiya, Spiculammina
        
        Subfamily Syringammininae Tendal (1972) – Syringammina, Occultammina
        
        Subfamily Cerelasminae Tendal (1972) – Cerelasma
        
        Family Stannomidae Haeckel (1889)
        Subfamily Aschemonellinae Eimer & Fickert (1899) – Aschemonella
        
        Subfamily Stannominae Haeckel (1889) – Stannoma, Stannophyllum
      - Suborder Saccamminina Lankester (1885)
        Superfamily Saccamminoidea Brady (1884)
        Family Stegnamminidae Moreman (1930)
        Subfamily Amphifenestrellinae Mikhalevich (1995) – Amphifenestrella, Blastammina
        
        Subfamily Hemisphaerammininae Loeblich & Tappan (1961) emend. Mikhalevich (1995) – Hemisphaerammina, Fairliella, Sorosphaerella
        
        Subfamily Stegnammininae Moreman (1930) – Anictosphaera, Bykovaeina, Ceratammina, Gastroammina, Luekatiella, Pseudastrorhiza, Raibosammina, Spiculosiphon, Stegnammina, Storthosphaera, Thekammina, Thuramminoides
        
        Family Saccamminidae Brady (1884)
        Subfamily Causiinae Mikhalevich (1995) – Causia
        
        Subfamily Colonammininae Rauser-Chernousova & Reitlinger (1993) – Colonammina, Jascottella, Nubeculariella
        
        Subfamily Pilulininae Brady (1884) – Pilulina
        
        Subfamily Saccammininae Brady (1884) – Brachysiphon, Cedhagenia, Cribrothalammina, Conqueria, Hyperamminita, Lagenammina, Leptammina, Marsupulinoides, Nellya, Niveus, Ovammina, Pilulinella, Placentammina, Psammophaga, Pseudosacculinella, Saccammina, Saccamminella, Sacculinella, Stomasphaera, Technitella, Titanotheka, Toxisarcon, Vellaria, Xiphophaga
        
        Subfamily Tholosininae Mikhalevich (1995) – Iridia, Mesammina, Scyphocodon, Tholosina
        
        Subfamily Thurammininae Miklukho-Maklay (1963) – Astrammina, Bahianofusus, Orbulinelloides, Ordovicina, Pseudothurammina, Thurammina
        
        Family Crithioninidae Hofker (1972)
        Subfamily Daitroninae Mikhavelich (1995)
        
        Subfamily Crithionininae Hofker (1972) – Crithionina, Pseudowebbinella, Verrucina
        
        Subfamily Oryctoderminae Saidova (1981) – Discobotellina, Oryctoderma, Masonella, Palmierina
        
        Superfamily Psammosphaeroidea Haeckel (1894)
        Family Psammosphaeridae Haeckel (1894)
        Subfamily Psammosphaerinae Haeckel (1894) – Capsammina, Cellonina, Psammophax, Psammosphaera, Sorosphaera, Thuramminopsis
        
        Family Telamminidae Loeblich & Tappan (1985) emend. Mikhalevich (1963) – Metamorphina, Ropostrum, Telammina, Tumidotubus
        
        Family Polysaccamminidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984)
        Subfamily Polysaccammininae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Goatapitigba, Polysaccammina, Saccamminoides
        
        Subfamily Saccamminidinae Mikhalevich (1995) – Saccamminis,
        
        Subfamily Amphicervicinae Mikhalevich (1995) – Amphicervicis
        
        Family Lacustrinellidae Mikhalevich (1995) – Aggerostramen, Ammopemphix, Lacustrinella, Patellammina, Sorostomasphaera, Webbinelloidea
  - Class Tubothalamea Pawlowski et al. (2013)[44] [=Tubothalamana Pawlowski, Holzmann & Tyszka (2013)[43]]
    - Order Ammodiscida Mikhalevich (1980)
      - Suborder Ammodiscina Mikhalevich (1980)
        Superfamily Ammodiscoidea Reuss (1862)
        Family Ammodiscidae Reuss (1862)
        Subfamily Ammodiscinae Reuss (1862) – Agathamminoides, Ammodiscoides, Ammodiscus, Arenoturrispirillina, Bifurcammina, Hemidiscus, Rectoammodiscus, Spirillinoides, Spirosolenites
        
        Subfamily Ammovertellininae Saidova (1981) – Ammovertellina, Annectina, Arenomeandrospira, Gandinella, Glomospirella, Pilammina, Pilamminella, Rectoglomospira, Vostokovella
        
        Subfamily Tolypammininae Cushman (1928) – Ammodiscella, Ammodiscellites, Ammovertella, Hemidiscella, Saturnella, Serpulopsis, Tolypammina
        
        Subfamily Usbekistaniinae Vialov (1968) – Flagrospira, Glomospira, Repmanina, Turritellella, Usbekistania, Lituotuboidea
        
        Family Lituotubidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Lituotuba, Paratrochamminoides, Plagioraphe, Conglophragmium
        
        Family Trochamminoidae Haynes & Nwabufo-Ene (1998) – Sokotina, Trochamminoides
      - Suborder Hippocrepinina Saidova (1981)
        Superfamily Hippocrepinoidea Rhumbler (1895)
        Family Ammovolummidae Chernyk (1967) – Ammovolumina, Hyperbathoides, Psammonyx, Serpenulina
        
        Family Botellinidae Chapman & Parr (1936) – Botellina, Protobotellina
        
        Family Hippocrepinidae Rhumbler (1895)
        Subfamily Hippocrepininae Rhumbler (1895) – Giraliarella, Hippocrepina, Hyperamminoides, Pseudohyperammina, Siphonammina
        
        Subfamily Hyperamminidae Eimer & Fickert (1899) – Areniconulus, Hyperammina, Platysolenites, Sacchararena
        
        Subfamily Jaculellinae Mikhalevich (1995) – Aciculella, Arenosiphon, Jaculella, Kechenotiske, Sansabaina, Tasmanammina, Tipeammina
        
        Subfamily Saccorhizinae Eimer & Fickert (1899) – †Saccarena, Saccorhiza
        
        Family Jugimuramminidae Zheng (2001) – Jugimurammina
        
        Superfamily Hormosinelloidea Rauser & Reitlinger (1986)
        Family Ammolagenidae Kaminski, Henderson, Cetean & Waśkowska (2009) – Ammolagena
        
        Family Hormosinellidae Rauser & Reitlinger (1986) – Archimerismus, Caudammina, Hormosinella, Reophanus, Rockfordina, Subreophax
    - Order Schlumbergerinida Mikhalevich (1980) [="agglutinated miliolids"[43]]
      - Suborder Schlumbergerinina Mikhalevich (1980)
        Superfamily Rzehakinoidea Cushman (1933)
        Family Ammoflintinidae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008)
        Subfamily Ammoflintininae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Ammoflintina
        
        Subfamily Pseudoflintininae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Pseudoflintina
        
        Family Ammomassilinidae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008)
        Subfamily Ammomassilininae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Ammomassilina
        
        Subfamily Silicomassilininae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Silicomassilina
        
        Family Miliamminidae Saidova (1981)
        Subfamily Birsteiniollinae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Birsteiniolla
        
        Subfamily Miliammininae Saidova (1981) – Miliammina, Agglutinella, Dentostomina, Siphonaperta
        
        Family Rzehakinidae Cushman (1933)
        Subfamily Rzehakininae Cushman (1933) – Rzehakina
        
        Subfamily Psamminopeltinae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Psamminopelta
        
        Subfamily Spiroglutininae Mikhalevich (1983) – Spiroglutina
        
        Family Schlumbergerinidae Mikhalevich (1980) – Schlumbergerina
        
        Family Sigmoilopsidae Vella (1957)
        Subfamily Sigmoilopsinae Vella (1957) – Sigmoilopsis, Silicosigmoilina
        
        Subfamily Spirolocammininae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Spirolocammina, Spirosigomoilinella, Ammosigmoilinella
        
        Family Trilocularenidae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2008) – Falsagglutinella, Geracia, Trilocularena
    - ?Order Miliolida Delage & Herouard (1896) em. Pawlowski et al. (2013) (e.g. Sorites, Quinqueloculina)
    - ?Order Spirillinida Hohenhegger & Piller (1975) em. Pawlowski et al. (2013) (e.g. Spirillina, Ammodiscus)
  - Class Globothalamea Pawlowski et al. (2013)[44] [=Globothalamana Pawlowski, Holzmann & Tyszka (2013)[43]] (e.g. Textularia, Globigerina)
    - Subclass Rotaliana Mikhalevich (1980)
      - Order Rotaliida Delage & Hérouard (1896)[lower-alpha 8]
        Superfamily Planorbulinoidea Schwager (1877) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)
        Family Planorbulinidae Schwager (1877) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Hyalinea, Planorbulinella
        
        Superfamily Discorboidea Ehrenberg (1838)
        Family Discorbidae Ehrenberg (1838) – Discorbis, “Rosalina”
        
        Family Rosalinidae Reiss (1963) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Discanomalina, Gavelinopsis, Planorbulina, Rupertina, “Rosalina”
        
        Superfamily Rotalioidea Ehrenberg (1838) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)
        Family Elphidiidae Galloway (1933) – Elphidium
        
        Family Ammoniidae Saidova (1981) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Ammonia
        
        Family Elphidiellidae Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Elphidiella
        
        Family Haynesinidae Mikhalevich (2013) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Aubignyna, Haynesina
        
        Rotalioidea genera incertae sedis – Cribroelphidium, “Elphidium”, Protelphidium
        
        Superfamily Glabratelloidea Loeblich & Tappan (1964) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45]
        Family Rotaliellidae Loeblich & Tappan (1964) – Rossyatella, Rotaliella
        
        Family Buliminoididae Seiglie (1970) – Buliminoides
        
        Family Glabratellidae Loeblich & Tappan (1964) – Angulodiscorbis, Glabratella, Glabratellina, Planoglabratella
        
        Superfamily Calcarinoidea Schwager (1876) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45]
        Family Calcarinidae Schwager (1876) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Baculogypsina, Baculogypsinoides, Neorotalia, Pararotalia, Schlumbergerella
        
        Superfamily Nummulitoidea De Blainville (1827)
        Family Nummulitidae De Blainville (1827) – Cycloclypeus, Heterostegina, Nummulites, Operculina, Operculinella, Planoperculina, Planostegina
        
        Superfamily Serioidea Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45]
        Family Uvigerinidae Haeckel (1894) – Rectuvigerina, Trifarina, Uvigerina
        
        Family Bolivinitidae Glaessner (1937) – Bolivina, Brizalina, Saidovina
        
        Family Cassidulinidae d'Orbigny (1839) – Cassidulinoides, Ehrenbergina, Evolvocassidulina, Globocassidulina, Islandiella
        
        Family Sphaeroidinidae Cushman (1927) – Sphaeroidina
        
        Family Globobuliminidae Cushman (1927) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Globobulimina
        
        Clade 3[45]
        Family Nonionidae Schultze (1854) – Nonion, Nonionella, Nonionellina, Nonionoides
        
        Family Virgulinellidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Virgulinella
        
        Family Buliminidae Jones (1875) – Bulimina
        
        Family Epistominellidae Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Epistominella
        
        Family Stainforthiidae Reiss (1963) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Gallitellia, Stainforthia
        
        Family Cibicididae Cushman (1927) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Cibicides, Cibicidoides, Heterolepa
        
        Family Chilostomellidae Brady (1881) – Chilostomella
        
        Family Pullenidae Schwager (1877) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Pullenia
        
        Family Nuttalidae Saidova (1981) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Nuttalides
        
        Family Discorbinellidae Sigal (1952) emend. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017) – Discorbinella, Hanzawaia
        
        Family Astrononionidae Cushman & Edwards (1937) stat. nov. Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Astrononion
        
        Family Oridorsalidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Oridorsalis
        
        Family Melonidae Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45] – Melonis
        
        Rotaliida families incertae sedis
        Family Cymbaloporidae Cushman (1927)
        
        Family Rubratelliidae Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45]
        
        Family Murrayinelliidae Holzmann & Pawlowski (2017)[45]
    - Subclass Textulariana* Mikhalevich (1980) [="Textulariida" sensu lato][lower-alpha 9]
      - Order Lituolida* Lankester (1885)[lower-alpha 10]
        Suborder Hormosinina Mikhalevich (1980)
        Superfamily Hormosinoidea Haeckel (1894)
        Family Aschemocellidae Vialov (1966) – Arthrodendron, Calos, Kalamopsis
        
        Family Dusenburyinidae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Dusenburyina
        
        Family Glaucoamminidae Saidova (1981) – Glaucoammina, Psammolingulina
        
        Family Hormosinidae Haeckel (1894)
        Subfamily Cuneatinae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Acostata, Cuneata, Posadia, Sulcophax, Warrentia
        
        Subfamily Hormosininae Haeckel (1894) – Ginesina, Hormosina, Loeblichopsis, Pseudonodosinella, Siliconodosarina
        
        Subfamily Nodosininae Saidova (1981) – Cribratinoides, Nodosinum
        
        Subfamily Polychasmininae Kaminski (2004) – Bireophax, Polychasmina
        
        Family Kunklerinidae Rauser & Reitlinger (1986) – Kunklerina, Scherochorella,
        
        Family Oxinoxisidae Vialov (1968) – Oxinoxis
        
        Family Reophacidae Cushman (1927) – Adelungia, Hormosinoides, Hormosinelloides, Leptohalysis, Nodulina, Reophax
        
        Suborder Lituolina Lankester (1885)
        Superfamily Lituoloidea de Blainville (1827)
        Family Discamminidae Mikhalevich (1980) – Ammoscalaria, Discammina, Glaphyrammina, Starobogatovella
        
        Family Haplophragmoididae Maync (1952)
        
        Family Lituolidae de Blainville (1827)
        Subfamily Ammomarginulinae Podobina (1978) – Agardhella, Ammobacularia, Ammobaculites, Ammomarginulina, Ammotium, Carteriella, Eratidus, Haymanella, Kutsevella, †Lamina, Ostiobaculites, Sculptobaculites, Simobaculites
        
        Subfamily Ammoastutinae Loeblich & Tappan (1984) – Ammoastuta, Praeammoastuta
        
        Subfamily Flabellammininae Podobina (1978) – Ammopalmula, Flabellammina, Pterammina, Triplasia
        
        Subfamily Lituolinae de Blainville (1827) – Atactolituola, Bulbobuccicrenata, Kolchidina, Lituola
        
        Family Placopsilinidae Rhumbler (1913)
        Subfamily Adhaerentiinae Loeblich & Tappan (1986) – Adhaerentia
        
        Subfamily Flatschkofeliinae Kaminski (2004) – Flatschkofelia
        
        Subfamily Placopsilininae Rhumbler (1913) – Acruliammina, Ammocibicides, Ammocibicoides, Lapillincola, Placopsilina, Subbdelloidina
        
        Family Ponceamminidae Seiglie (1991) – Ponceammina
        
        Family Sphaeramminidae Cushman (1933)
        Subfamily Sphaerammininae Cushman (1933) – Ammosphaerulina, Canepaia, Sphaerammina
        
        Subfamily Praesphaerammninae Kaminski & Mikhalevich (2004) – Praesphaerammina
        
        Superfamily Recurvoidoidea Alekseychik-Mitskevich (1973)
        Family Ammobaculinidae Saidova (1981)
        Subfamily Ammobaculininae Saidova (1981) – Ammobaculinus, Bulbobaculites, Navarella
        
        Subfamily Telatynellinae Gawor-Biedowa (1987) – Telatynella
        
        Family Ammosphaeroidinidae Cushman (1927)
        Subfamily Ammosphaeroidininae Cushman (1927) – Ammosphaeroidina, Cystammina, Praecystammina
        
        Subfamily Recurvoidinae Alekseychik-Mitskevich (1973) – Budashevaella, Cribrostomellus, Cribrostomoides, Recurvoidella, Recurvoides, Thalmannammina
        
        Family Acupeinidae Brönnimann & Zaninetti (1984) – Acupeina
        
        Family Plectorecurvoididae Loeblich & Tappan (1964) – Plectorecurvoides, Pokornyammina
        
        Suborder Spiroplectamminina Mikhalevich (1992)
        Superfamily Pavonitioidea Loeblich & Tappan (1961)
        Family Marietidae Loeblich & Tappan (1961)
        
        Family Pavonitinidae Loeblich & Tappan (1961)
        
        Superfamily Spiroplectamminoidea Cushman (1927)
        Family Duquepsamminiidae Sieglie & Baker (1987)
        
        Family Nouriidae Chapman & Parr (1936)
        
        Family Pseudobolivinidae Wiesner (1931)
        
        Family Spiroplectamminidae Cushman (1927)
        
        Family Textulariopsidae Loeblich & Tappan (1982)
        
        Suborder Trochamminina Saidova (1981)
        Superfamily Trochamminoidea Schwager (1877)
        Family Adercotrymidae Brönnimann & Whittaker (1988)
        
        Family Remaneicidae Loeblich & Tappan (1964) emend. Brönnimann, Zaninetti & Whittaker (1983)
        
        Family Trochamminidae Schwager (1877)
        
        Suborder Verneuilinina Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2004)
        Superfamily Verneuilinoidea Cushman (1911)
        Family Conotrochamminidae Saidova (1981)
        
        Family Piallinidae Rettori & Zaninetti (1993)
        
        Family Prolixoplectidae Loeblich & Tappan (1985)
        
        Family Reophacellidae Mikhalevich & Kaminski (2004)
        
        Family Tritaxiidae Plotnikova (1979)
        
        Family Verneuilinidae Cushman (1911)
        
        Suborder Nezzazatina Kaminski (2004)
        Superfamily Nezzazatoidea Hamaoui & Saint-Marc (1970)
        Family Barkerinidae Smout (1956)
        
        Family Debarinidae Kaminski (2004)
        
        Family Mayncinidae Loeblich & Tappan (1985)
        
        Family Nautiloculinidae Loeblich & Tappan (1985)
        
        Family Nezzazatidae Hamaoui & Saint-Marc (1970)
      - Order Loftusiida Kaminski & Mikhalevich (2004)
      - Order Textulariida Delage & Hérouard (1896) (sensu stricto)
    - Globothalamea orders incertae sedis[44]
      - Order Lagenida Delage & Hérouard (1896)
      - Order Fusulinida Wedekind (1937)
      - Order Involutinida Hohenegger & Piller (1977)
      - ?Order Robertinida Loeblich & Tappan (1984)
      - ?Order Carterinida Loeblich & Tappan (1981)
- Infraphylum Radiozoa = Radiolaria Cavalier-Smith (1987) em. stat. nov. (2018)[19]
  - Class Polycystinea Ehrenberg (1838) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Order Collodarida [=Collodaria Haeckel (1881)] (e.g. Collozoum)
    - Order Nassellaria Ehrenberg (1875) (e.g. Lampromitra)
    - Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg (1875) (e.g. Spongosphaera)
  - Class Acantharea Haeckel (1881) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (1993)
    - Order Arthracanthida Schewiakoff (1926) (e.g. Phyllostaurusa) (including Symphyacanthida Schewiakoff (1926) (e.g. Astrolonche))
    - Order Chaunacanthida Schewiakoff (1926) (e.g. Conacon)
    - Order Holacanthida Schewiakoff (1926) (e.g. Acanthocolla)
    - Order Acanthoplegmida Rechetniak (1981) (Acanthoplegma)
  - ?Order Gymnosphaerida Poche 1913[lower-alpha 11]
- Infraphylum Sticholonchia Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
  - Class Sticholonchea Poche (1913) stat. nov. Petruschevskaya (1977)
    - Order Taxopodida Fol (1883) – Sticholonche

Phylum Ciliophora

Illustration of "Cilliata" from Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur

Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
- Class Heterotrichea Stein, 1859
  - Order Armophorida
    - Family Caenomorphidae
    - Family Metopidae
  - Order Clevelandellida
    - Family Nyctotheridae
  - Order Heterotrichida
    - Suborder Coliphorina
      - Family Folliculinidae
  - Order Licnophorida
    - Family Licnophoridae
  - Order Odontostomatida Sawaya, 1940
    - Family Epalxellidae Corliss, 1960
    - Family Discomorphellidae Corliss, 1960
    - Family Mylestomatidae Kahl, Doflein & Reichenow, 1929
  - Order Phacodiniida
    - Family Phacodiniidae
  - Order Plagiotomida
    - Family Plagiotomidae
- Class Karyorelictea Corliss, 1974
  - Order Protostomatida
    - Family Kentrophoridae
    - Family Trachelocercidae
  - Order Loxodida
    - Family Cryptopharyngidae
    - Family Loxodidae
  - Order Protoheterotrichida
    - Family Geleiidae
Subphylum Intramacronucleata
- Class Spirotrichea
  - Subclass Choreotrichia
    - Order Tintinnida
      - Family Ascampbelliellidae
      - Family Codonellidae
      - Family Codonellopsidae
      - Family Cyttarocylididae
      - Family Dictyocystidae
      - Family Epiplocylididae
      - Family Metacylididae
      - Family Nolaclusiliidae
      - Family Petalotrichidae
      - Family Ptychocylididae
      - Family Rhabdonellidae
      - Family Tintinnidae
      - Family Tintinnidiidae
      - Family Undellidae
      - Family Xystonellidae
  - Subclass Hypotrichia
    - Order Euplotida
      - Suborder Discocephalina
        Family Discocephalidae
      - Suborder Euplotina
        Family Aspidiscidae
        
        Family Certesiidae
        
        Family Euplotidae
        
        Family Gastrocirrhidae
        
        Family Uronychiidae
    - Order Kiitrichida
      - Family Kiitrichidae
  - Subclass Stichotrichia
- Class Litostomatea
  - Subclass Haptoria Corliss, 1974
    - Order Cyclotrichiida
      - Family Mesodiniidae
    - Order Haptorida
      - Family Acropisthiidae
      - Family Didiniidae
      - Family Enchelyidae
      - Family Helicoprorodontidae
      - Family Homalozoonidae
      - Family Lacrymariidae
      - Family Pseudotrachelocercidae
      - Family Spathidiidae
      - Family Tracheliidae
      - Family Trachelophyllidae
    - Order Pleurostomatida
      - Family Amphileptidae
      - Family Litonotidae
  - Subclass Trichostomatia
    - Order Entodiniomorphida
      - Suborder Archistomatina de Puytorac, 1974
        Family Buetschliidae Poche, 1913
      - Suborder Blepharocorythina Wolska, 1971
        Family Blepharocorythidae Hsiung, 1930
      - Suborder Entodiniomorphina Reichenow, Doflein & Reichenow, 1929
        Family Cycloposthiidae Poche, 1913
        
        Family Ophryoscolecidae Stein, 1859
        
        Family Spirodiniidae Strelkow, 1939
        
        Family Troglodytellidae Corliss, 1979
    - Order Vestibuliferida
      - Family Balantidiidae Reichenow & Reichenow, 1929
      - Family Isotrichidae Bütschli, 1889
- Class Phyllopharyngea
  - Subclass Chonotrichia
    - Order Cryptogemmida
      - Family Actinichonidae
      - Family Echinichonidae
      - Family Inversochonidae
      - Family Isochonidae
      - Family Isochonopsidae
      - Family Stylochonidae
    - Order Exogemmida
      - Family Chilodochonidae
      - Family Filichonidae
      - Family Heliochonidae
      - Family Lobochonidae
      - Family Phyllochonidae
      - Family Spirochonidae
  - Subclass Phyllopharyngia
    - Order Chlamydodontida
      - Family Chilodonellidae
      - Family Chitonellidae
      - Family Chlamydodontidae
      - Family Kryoprorodontidae
      - Family Lynchellidae
    - Order Dysteriida
      - Family Dysteriidae
      - Family Hartmannulidae
      - Family Kyaroikeidae
      - Family Plesiotrichopidae
  - Subclass Suctoria
    - Order Endogenida
      - Family Acinetidae
      - Family Acinetopsidae
      - Family Corynophryidae
      - Family Dendrosomatidae
      - Family Enchelyomorphidae
      - Family Endosphaeridae
      - Family Pseudogemmidae
      - Family Tokophryidae
      - Family Trichophryidae
    - Order Evaginogenida
      - Family Discophryidae
      - Family Rhynchophryidae
    - Order Exogenida
      - Family Dendrosomididae
      - Family Dentacinetidae
      - Family Ephelotidae
      - Family Lecanophryidae
      - Family Manuelophryidae
      - Family Metacinetidae
      - Family Ophryodendridae
      - Family Paracinetidae
      - Family Phalacrocleptidae
      - Family Podophryidae
      - Family Praethecacinetidae
      - Family Rhabdophryidae
      - Family Severonidae
      - Family Spelaeophryidae
      - Family Tachyblastonidae
      - Family Thecacinetidae
- Class Colpodea
  - Order Colpodida
    - Family Colpodidae
- Class Nassophorea
  - Order Nassulida
    - Family Nassulidae
    - Family Paranassulidae
  - Order Microthoracida
    - Family Discotrichidae
    - Family Leptopharyngidae
    - Family Microthoracidae
  - Order Synhymeniida
    - Family Nassulopsidae
    - Family Orthodonellidae
    - Family Scaphidiodontidae
- Class Prostomatea
  - Order Prostomatida
    - Family Metacystidae
  - Order Prorodontida
    - Family Balanionidae
    - Family Colepidae
    - Family Holophryidae
    - Family Placidae
    - Family Plagiocampidae
    - Family Prorodontidae
    - Family Urotrichidae
- Class Plagiopylea
  - Order Plagiopylida Small & Lynn, 1985
    - Family Plagiopylidae
    - Family Sonderidae
- Class Oligohymenophorea
  - Subclass Peniculia
    - Order Peniculida
      - Suborder Frontoniina
        Family Clathrostomatidae
        
        Family Frontoniidae
        
        Family Lembadionidae
        
        Family Maritujidae
        
        Family Stokesiidae
      - Suborder Parameciina
        Family Neobursaridiidae
        
        Family Parameciidae
        
        Family Urocentridae
  - Subclass Hymenostomatia
    - Family Glaucomidae
    - Family Ichthyopthiriidae
    - Family Ophryoglenidae
    - Family Tetrahymenidae Corliss, 1952
    - Family Turaniellidae
  - Subclass Scuticociliatia
    - Order Philasterida
      - Family Cinetochilidae
      - Family Cohnilembidae
      - Family Cryptochilidae
      - Family Entodiscidae
      - Family Entorhipidiidae
      - Family Loxocephalidae
      - Family Orchitophryidae
      - Family Paralembidae
      - Family Parauronematidae
      - Family Philasteridae
      - Family Pseudocohnilembidae
      - Family Schizocaryidae
      - Family Thigmophryidae
      - Family Thyrophylacidae
      - Family Uronematidae
    - Order Pleuronematida
      - Family Calyptotrichidae
      - Family Ctedoctematidae
      - Family Cyclidiidae
      - Family Dragescoidae
      - Family Histiobalantiidae
      - Family Peniculistomatidae
      - Family Pleuronematidae
    - Order Thigmotrichida
      - Family Ancistridae
      - Family Hemispeiridae
      - Family Hysterocinetidae
      - Family Nucleocorbulidae
  - Subclass Astomatia
    - Order Astomatida
      - Family Anoplophryidae
      - Family Archiastomatidae
      - Family Clausilocolidae
      - Family Contophryidae
      - Family Haptophryidae
      - Family Hoplitophryidae
      - Family Intoshellinidae
      - Family Maupasellidae
      - Family Radiophryidae
  - Subclass Apostomatia
    - Order Apostomatida
      - Family Colliniidae
      - Family Cyrtocaryidae
      - Family Foettingeriidae
    - Order Astomatophorida
      - Family Opalinopsidae
    - Order Pilisuctorida
      - Family Conidophryidae
  - Subclass Peritrichia
    - Order Mobilida
      - Family Leiotrochidae
      - Family Polycyclidae
      - Family Trichodinidae
      - Family Urceolariidae
    - Order Sessilida
      - Family Ellobiophryidae
      - Family Epistylididae
      - Family Lagenophryidae
      - Family Operculariidae
      - Family Rovinjellidae
      - Family Scyphidiidae
      - Family Vaginicolidae
      - Family Vorticellidae
      - Family Zoothamniidae

Phylum Myzozoa

Subphylum Apicomplexa
- Infraphylum Apicomonada
  - Class Apicomonadea
    - Order Colpodellida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
      - Family Colpodellidae Simpson & Patterson, 1996
- Infraphylum Sporozoa
  - Class Aconoidasida Mehlhorn, Peters & Haberkorn, 1980
    - Order Haemosporida Danilewsky, 1885
      - Family Garniidae Lainson, Landau & Shaw, 1971
      - Family Haemoproteidae Doflein, 1916
      - Family Leucocytozoidae Fallis & Bennett, 1961
      - Family Plasmodiidae Mesnil, 1903
    - Order Piroplasmorida Wenyon, 1926
      - Family Haemohormidiidae
  - Class Coccidea
    - Order Agamococcidiorida
      - Family Gemmocystidae
      - Family Rhytidocystidae
    - Order Eucoccidiorida Léger & Duboscq, 1910
      - Suborder Adeleorina Léger, 1911
        Family Adeleidae
        
        Family Dactylosomatidae
        
        Family Haemogregarinidae
        
        Family Hepatozoidae Wenyon, 1926
        
        Family Karyolysidae
        
        Family Klossiellidae
        
        Family Legerellidae
      - Suborder Eimeriorina Léger, 1911
        Family Aggregatidae
        
        Family Calyptosporiidae
        
        Family Cryptosporidiidae Léger, 1911
        
        Family Eimeriidae Minchin, 1903
        
        Family Elleipsisomatidae
        
        Family Lankesterellidae
        
        Family Sarcocystidae
        
        Family Selenococcidiidae
        
        Family Spirocystidae
    - Order Ixorheorida
      - Family Ixorheidae
    - Order Protococcidiorida
      - Family Angeiocystidae
      - Family Eleutheroschizonidae
      - Family Grelliidae
      - Family Mackinnoniidae
      - Family Myriosporidae
  - Class Gregarinasina
    - Order Archigregarinorida Grassé & Schrével, 1953
      - Family Exoschizonidae
      - Family Selenidioididae
    - Order Eugregarinorida
      - Suborder Aseptatorina
        Family Aikinetocystidae
        
        Family Ganymedidae
        
        Family Lecudinidae
        
        Family Monocystidae
        
        Family Selenidiidae
        
        Family Urosporidae
      - Suborder Blastogregarinorina
        Family Siedleckiidae
      - Suborder Septatorina
        Family Actinocephalidae
        
        Family Cephaloidophoridae
        
        Family Cephalolobidae
        
        Family Didymophoridae
        
        Family Gregarinidae
        
        Family Metameridae
        
        Family Porosporidae
        
        Family Uradiophoridae
    - Order Neogregarinorida Grassé & Schrével, 1953
      - Family Caulleryellidae
      - Family Gigaductidae
      - Family Lipotrophidae
      - Family Ophryocystidae
      - Family Schizocystidae
      - Family Syncystidae
  - Class Piroplasmea
    - Order Piroplasmida Wenyon, 1926
      - Family Anthemosomatidae
      - Family Babesiidae Poche, 1913
      - Family Dactylosomidae
      - Family Theileriidae
Subphylum Dinozoa
- Infraphylum Protalveolata
  - Class Colponemea
    - Order Colponemida
      - Family Colponemidae
    - Order Algovorida
      - Family Algovoridae
  - Class Myzomonadea
    - Order Voromonadida
      - Family Voromonadidae
    - Order Chilovorida
      - Family Chilovoridae
  - Class Ellobiopsea
    - Order Ellobiopsida
      - Family Ellobiopsidae
- Infraphylum Dinoflagellata (Dinophyta) Bütschli, 1885
  - Class Blastodiniophyceae Fensome, 1993
    - Order Blastodiniales Chatton, 1906
      - Family Apodiniaceae
      - Family Blastodiniaceae Cavers, 1913
      - Family Cachonellaceae Siva, 1980
      - Family Haplozoaceae Chatton, 1920
      - Family Oodiniaceae Chatton, 1920
      - Family Protoodiniaceae
  - Class Dinophyceae (Bütschli, 1885) Pascher, 1914
    - Subclass Dinophysiphycidae Möhn & Fensome, 1993
      - Order Dinophysiales Kofoid, 1926
        Family Amphisoleniaceae Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family Dinophysiaceae F.R. von Stein, 1883
        
        Family Oxyphysiaceae Sournia, 1984
    - Subclass Gymnodiniophycidae Fensome, 1993
      - Order Gymnodiniales Apstein, 1909
        Family Actiniscaceae Kützing, 1844
        
        Family Entomosigmaceae
        
        Family Gymnodiniaceae Lankester, 1885
        
        Family Polykrikaceae Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
        
        Family Tovelliaceae Moestrup, Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2005
        
        Family Warnowiceae Lindemann, 1928
      - Order Ptychodiscales Fensome, 1993
        Family Brachydiniaceae Sournia, 1972
        
        Family Ptychodiscaceae Willey & Hickson, 1909
    - Subclass Peridiniphycidae Fensome, 1993
      - Order Gonyaulacales Taylor, 1980
        Suborder Ceratiineae Fensome, 1993
        Family Ceratiaceae Willey & Hickson, 1909
        
        Suborder Cladopyxiineae Fensome, 1993
        Family Cladopyxiaceae Stein, 1883
        
        Suborder Goniodomineae Fensome, 1993
        Family Goniodomaceae Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family Pyrocystaceae Apstein, 1909
        
        Suborder Gonyaulacineae (Taylor, 1980)
        Family Ceratocoryaceae Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family Gonyaulacaceae
      - Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894
        Suborder Heterocapsineae Fensome, 1993
        Family Heterocapsaceae Fensome, 1993
        
        Suborder Peridiniinae (Haeckel, 1894)
        Family Peridiniaceae Ehrenberg, 1831
        
        Family Podolampaceae Lindemann, 1928
    - Subclass Prorocentrophycidae Fensome, 1993
      - Order Prorocentrales Lemmermann, 1910
        Family Prorocentraceae Stein, 1883
  - Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome, 1993
    - Order Noctilucales Haeckel, 1894
      - Family Kofoidiniaceae Taylor, 1976
      - Family Leptodiscaceae Taylor, 1976
      - Family Noctilucaceae Saville-Kent, 1881
  - Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976
    - Order Syndiniales Loeblich III, 1976
      - Family Amoebophryaceae J. Cachon & Loeblich III,1970
      - Family Coccidiniaceae
      - Family Duboscquellaceae Chatton, 1920
      - Family Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia, 1984
      - Family Sphaeriparaceae
      - Family Spiromonadaceae Hollande & Grassé, 1952
      - Family Syndiniaceae Chatton, 1920

Phylum Bigyra

Phylogeny of Bigyra[46][47]

	Opalinea

	Blastocystea

Placididea

	Eogyrea

	Labyrinthulea

"Wobblata"

Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith (1998) emend. (2006)[29]
- Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith & Scoble (2013)
  - Superclass Wobblata* Cavalier-Smith & Chao (2006) stat. nov. (2013)
    - Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith (2013) [="clade MAST-12"] – Barthelona, Quasibodo
    - Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye (2002)
      - Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye (2002) [=Placidae Cavalier-Smith (2006)]
        Family Placidiaceae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye (2002) – Allegra, Pendulomonas, Placidia, Wobblia
    - Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith (2013) [="clade MAST-3"]
      - Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith (2013)
        Family Solenicolidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Solenicola
        
        Family Incisomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Scoble (2013) – Incisomonas
  - Superclass Opalinata Wenyon (1926) em. Cavalier-Smith (2006) stat. nov. (2013)
    - Class Opalinea Wenyon (1926) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (1993) em. (2013)
      - Order Proteromonadida Grassé (1952) em. Cavalier-Smith (1993)
        Family Proteromonadidae Grassé (1952) – Proteromonas
      - Order Opalinida Poche (1913) stat. nov. Hall (1953) em. Cavalier-Smith
        Family Karotomorphidae Travis (1934) – Karotomorpha
        
        Family Opalinidae Claus (1874) (e.g. Cepedea, Protoopalina, Opalina)
    - Class Blastocystea Zierdt et al. (1967)
      - Order Blastocystida Zierdt (1978)
        Family Blastocystidae Jiang & He (1988) (e.g. Blastocystis)
- Infraphylum Bikosia Cavalier-Smith (2017) [=Bicosidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao (2006)]
  - Class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith (1986)
    - Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith (2006)
      - Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith (1993) em. stat. nov. (2006)
        Order Bicoecida Grassé (1926)
        
        Order Anoecida Cavalier-Smith (1997) em. (2006)
        
        Order Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd (1985) em. Cavalier-Smith (2006)
        Family Pseudodendromonadidae Hibberd (1985) – Pseudodendromonas, Cyathobodo
        
        Family Siluaniidae Karpov (1998) – Siluania, Adriamonas
        
        Family Paramonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2006) – Paramonas
        
        Family Nanidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Nanum (=Nanos)
        
        Family Neradidae Cavalier-Smith (2006) – Nerada
        
        Family Filidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Filos
      - Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith (2006)
        Order Borokida Cavalier-Smith (2006)
        Family Borokidae Cavalier-Smith (2006) – Boroka
    - Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith (2013)
      - Order Rictida Cavalier-Smith (2013)
        Family Rictidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Rictus
- Opalozoa incertae sedis – Bordnamonas, Pendulomonas
Subphylum Sagenista Cavalier-Smith (1995) stat. nov. (2006)
- Class Eogyrea Cavalier-Smith (2018)[29] [="clade L"]
  - "clade MAST-4"
  - "clade MAST-7-11"
  - Order Eogyrida Cavalier-Smith (2018) [="clade MAST-6"]
    - Family Pseudophyllomitidae Shiratori et al. (2017)[48] – Pseudophyllomitus
- Class Labyrinthulea (Lister (1891)) Olive ex Cavalier-Smith (1986) [=Labyrinthulomycetes Arx (1970); Labyrinthulomycota Whittaker (1969)]
  - Stellarchytrium[lower-alpha 12]
  - Family Oblongichytriidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)[lower-alpha 13] – Oblongichytrium
  - Order Amphitremida Gomaa et al. (2013)[51]
    - Family Amphitrematidae Poche (1913) – Amphitrema, Archerella, Paramphitrema
    - Family Diplophryidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)[50] – Diplophrys
  - Order Labyrinthulida Doflein (1901)
    - Family Labyrinthulidae Cienkowski (1867) – Labyrinthula (=Labyrinthodictyon), Labyrinthorhiza, Pseudoplasmodium
    - Family Aplanochytriidae Leander ex Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Aplanochytrium (=Labyrinthuloides)
  - Order Thraustochytrida Sparrow 1973
    - Family Thraustochytriidae Sparrow ex Cejp 1959 – Aurantiochytrium, Botryochytrium, Hondaea, Japonochytrium, Labyrinthulochytrium, Monorhizochytrium, Parietichytrium, Phycophthorum, Sicyoidochytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, Ulkenia
    - Family Althorniidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)[50] – Althornia
    - Superfamily Amphifiloidea Cavalier-Smith (2012)[50]
      - Family Amphifilidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)[50] – Amphifila, Fibrophrys
      - Family Sorodiplophryidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)[50] – Sorodiplophrys
  - Labyrinthulea incertae sedis – ?Pyrrhosorus, ?Thanatostrea
Bigyra incertae sedis
- Class Platysulcea Cavalier-Smith (2018)[29]
  - Order Platysulcida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
    - Family Platysulcidae Shiratori et al. (2015) – Platysulcus

Phylum Gyrista

Phylogeny of Gyrista[47][29][52]

Gyrista

Ochrophyta

Chrysista

“SI clade”

Fucistia

	Xanthophyceae

	Chrysoparadoxophyceae

Phaeosacciophyceae

	Schizocladiophyceae

	Phaeophyceae

Aurophyceae

	Aurearenophyceae

	Phaeothamniophyceae

“PX clade”

Raphidoistia

Raphidophyceae

Limnistia

“SII clade”

Diatomista

Hypogyrista

Khakista

	Bolidophyceae

	Diatomea

“SIII clade”

?Bigyromonada

Pseudofungi

	Oomycetes

	Hyphochytrea

Subphylum Bigyromonada Cavalier-Smith, 1998[lower-alpha 14]
- Class Developea Aleoshin et al. ex Cavalier-Smith, 2017[29] [=Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith, 1997]
  - Order Developayellida Cavalier-Smith, 1987
    - Family Developayellidae Cavalier-Smith, 1997 – Developayella, Develorapax
- Class Pirsonea Cavalier-Smith, 2017[29]
  - Order Pirsoniida Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 2006 – Pirsonia
Subphylum Ochrophytina Cavalier-Smith, 1995 [=Heterokontophyta van den Hoek et al., 1978; Stramenochromes Leipe et al., 1994]
- Infraphylum Chrysista Cavalier-Smith, 1991
  - Superclass Limnistia Cavalier-Smith, 1996 emend. 2006 [=“SII clade”][53]
    - Class Eustigmatophyceae Hibberd & Leedale (1971) (e.g. Vischeria, Nannochloropsis)
      - Order Eustigmatales Hibberd (1981)
        Family Eustigmataceae Hibberd, 1981 [=Chlorobothryaceae Pascher, 1925; Pseudocharaciopsidaceae Lee & Bold ex Hibberd, 1981] – Ellipsoidion, Chlorobotrys, Eustigmatos, Pseudocharaciopsis, Pseudostaurastrum, Vischeria
        
        Family Monodopsidaceae Hibberd, 1981; Loboceae Hegewald, 2007 – Microchloropsis, Monodopsis, Nannochloropsis, Pseudotetraedriella
        
        Family Neomonodaceae Amaral et al., 2020 – ?Botryochloropsis, Characiopsiella, Munda, Neomonodus, Pseudellipsoidion
      - Order Goniochloridales Fawley, Elias & Fawley, 2013
        Family Goniochloridaceae – Goniochloris, Pseudostaurastrum, Tetraedriella, Trachydiscus, Vacuoliviride
    - Class Chrysomonadea Saville-Kent, 1881 stat. nov. Pascher, 1910 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 2017 [=Chrysophyceae Pascher, 1914] (e.g. Chromulina, Chrysamoeba, Oikomonas, Paraphysomonas, Ochromonas, Spumella, Dinobryon, Uroglena, Hibberdia, Chromophyton, Mallomonas, Synura, Tessellaria)
    - Class Picophagea Cavalier-Smith, 2006 emend. 2017 [=Synchromophyceae Horn et al., 2007] – Chlamydomyxa, Chrysopodocystis, Guanochroma, Leukarachnion, Picophagus, Synchroma
  - “SI clade”[54]
    - Superclass Raphidoistia Cavalier-Smith, 1986 orth. mut., 2006
      - Class Raphidomonadea Chadefaud ex Silva, 1980
        Subclass Raphidophycidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013[46] (e.g. Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, Haramonas, Heterosigma)
        
        Subclass Raphopoda Cavalier-Smith, 2013[46] – Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium, Commation, Heliorapha
    - Superclass Fucistia Cavalier-Smith, 1995 [=“PX clade”][54]
      - Class Aurophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 2013[46]
        Subclass Aurearenophycidae Kai, Yoshii, Nakayama & Inouye, 2008 (as Aurearenophyceae)[55] stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2013[46]
        Order Aurearenales Kai, Yoshii, Nakayama & Inouye, 2008[55]
        Family Aurearenaceae Kai, Yoshii, Nakayama & Inouye, 2008 – Aurearena
        
        Subclass Phaeothamniophycidae Andersen & Bailey, 1998 (as Phaeothamniophyceae)[56] stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2006[57]
        Order Phaeothamniales Bourrelly, 1954 emend. Andersen & Bailey, 1998
        Family Phaeothamniaceae Hansgirg ,1886 emend. Andersen & Bailey, 1998 – Apistonema, Chrysapion, Chrysocapsopsis, Chrysoclonium, Chrysodesmis, Chrysodictyon, Koinopodion, Nematochrysis, Phaeogloea, Phaeoschizochlamys, Phaeothamnion, Podochrysis, Selenophaea, Sphaeridiothrix, Stichogloea, Tetrachrysis, Tetrapion
        
        Order Pleurochloridellales Ettl, 1956
        Family Pleurochloridellaceae Ettl, 1956 – Pleurochloridella
      - Class Chrysomerophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1995
        Order Chrysomeridales O’Kelly & Billard ex Cavalier-Smith, 2006
        Family Chrysomeridaceae Bourrelly, 1957 – Antarctosaccion, Chrysomeris, Chrysowaernella, Giraudyopsis, Rhamnochrysis, Tetrasporopsis
      - Class Chrysoparadoxophyceae Wetherbee et al., 2019[54] – Chrysoparadoxa
      - Class Phaeosacciophyceae R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon, 2020[52]
        Order Phaeosacciales R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon, 2020
        Family Phaeosaccionaceae J.Feldmann, 1949 – Phaeosaccion
      - Class Schizocladiophyceae Henry, Okuda & Kawai, 2003[58]
        Order Schizocladiales Henry, Okuda & Kawai, 2003
        Family Schizocladiaceae Henry, Okuda & Kawai, 2003 – Schizocladia
      - Class Phaeophyceae Kjellman, 1891 [=Fucophyceae Warming, 1884; Melanophyceae Rabenhorst, 1863] (“brown algae”)
        Subclass Discosporangiophycidae
        Order Discosporangiales O.C. Schmidt, 1937 emend. H. Kawai, Hanyuda, Draisma & Müller, 2007
        Family Choristocarpaceae Kjellman, 1891 – Choristocarpus
        
        Family Discosporangiaceae O.C. Schmidt, 1937 – Discosporangium
        
        Subclass Ishigeophycidae Silberfeld, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2014[59]
        Order Ishigeales G.Y. Cho & S.M. Boo, 2004
        Family Ishigeaceae Okamura, 1935 – Ishige
        
        Family Petrodermataceae Silberfeld, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2014[59] – Petroderma
        
        Ishigeales incertae sedis – Diplura
        
        Subclass Dictyotophycidae Silberfeld, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2014[59]
        Order Dictyotales Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828
        Family Dictyotaceae J.V. Lamouroux ex Dumortier, 1822 [incl. Scoresbyellaceae Womersley, 1987] – Canistrocarpus, Chlanidophora, Dictyopteris, Dictyota (=Dilophus; Glossophora; Glossophorella; Pachydictyon), Dictyotopsis, Distromium, Exallosorus, Herringtonia, Homoeostrichus, Lobophora (=Pocockiella), Lobospira, Newhousia, Padina (=Dictyerpa), Vaughaniella, Padinopsis, Rugulopteryx, Scoresbyella, Spatoglossum, Stoechospermum, Stypopodium, Taonia, Zonaria
        
        Order Onslowiales Draisma & Prud’homme van Reine, 2008
        Family Onslowiaceae Draisma et Prud’homme van Reine, 2001 – Onslowia, Verosphacela
        
        Order Sphacelariales Migula, 1909
        Family Cladostephaceae Oltmanns, 1922 – Cladostephus
        
        Family Lithodermataceae Hauck, 1883 – Bodanella, Heribaudiella, Lithoderma, Pseudolithoderma
        
        Family Phaeostrophiaceae H. Kawai, Sasaki, Maeba & E.C. Henry, 2005 – Phaeostrophion
        
        Family Sphacelariaceae Decaisne, 1842 – `Battersia, Chaetopteris, Herpodiscus, Sphacelaria, Sphacella, Sphacelorbus
        
        Family Sphacelodermaceae Draisma, Prud’homme & H. Kawai, 2010 – Sphaceloderma
        
        Family Stypocaulaceae Oltmanns, 1922 – Halopteris (=Stypocaulon28), Phloiocaulon, Protohalopteris, Ptilopogon
        
        Order Syringodermatales E.C. Henry, 1984
        Family Syringodermataceae E.C. Henry, 1984 – Microzonia, Syringoderma
        
        Subclass Fucophycidae Cavalier-Smith, 1986
        Order Ascoseirales Yu.E. Petrov, 1964 emend. Moe & E.C. Henry, 1982
        Family Ascoseiraceae Skottsberg, 1907 – Ascoseira
        
        Order Asterocladales Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, A.F. Peters, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011
        Family Asterocladaceae Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, A.F. Peters, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011 – Asterocladon
        
        Order Desmarestiales Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925
        Family Arthrocladiaceae Chauvin, 1842 – Arthrocladia
        
        Family Desmarestiaceae (Thuret in Le Jolis) Kjellman, 1880 – Desmarestia, Himantothallus (=Phaeoglossum; Phyllogigas), Phaeurus
        
        Order Ectocarpales Bessey, 1907 emend. F. Rousseau & Reviers, 1999 [incl. Chordariales Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925, Dictyosiphonales Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925, Scytosiphonales Feldmann, 1949]
        Family Acinetosporaceae G. Hamel ex Feldmann, 1937 – Acinetospora, Feldmannia, Geminocarpus, Herponema, Hincksia (=Giffordia), Internoretia, Pogotrichum, Pylaiella (‘Pilayella’)
        
        Family Adenocystaceae Rousseau, Reviers, Leclerc, Asensi & Delépine, 2000 emend. Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, A.F. Peters, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011 – Adenocystis, Caepidium, Chordariopsis, Utriculidium
        
        Family Chordariaceae Greville, 1830 emend. A.F. Peters & Ramírez, 2001 – Acrocytis, Acrospongium, Acrothrix, Acrotrichium, Actinema, Adriogloia, Ascoseirophila, Asperococcus, Asterotrichia, Australofilum, Botrytella (= Polytretus), Buffhamia, Chilionema, Chordaria, Chukchia, Cladochroa, Cladosiphon (=Bactrophora; Gontrania), Cladothele, Clathrodiscus, Climacosorus, Coelocladia, Coilodesme, Compsonema, Corycus, Corynophlaea, Cylindrocarpus, Dalmatogloia, Delamarea, Dermatocelis, Dictyosiphon, Ectocarpidium, Elachista (‘Elachistea’) (=Portphillipia; Symphoricoccus), Elachistiella, Endodictyon, Entonema, "Epinema", Eudesme, Flabellonema, Fosliea, Giraudya (‘Giraudia’), Gononema, Halonema, Halorhipis, Halorhiza, Halothrix, Hamelella, Haplogloia, Hecatonema, Heterophycus, Heterosaundersella, Hummia, Isthmoplea, Kuetzingiella (‘Kützingiella’), Kurogiella, Laminariocolax, Laminarionema, Leathesia, Leblondiella, Leptonematella, Levringia, Liebmannia, Litosiphon, Melastictis, Mesogloia, Mesogloiopsis, Microcoryne, "Microspongium", Mikrosyphar (‘Microsyphar’), Monosiphon, Myriactula (=Gonodia), Myriocladia, Myriogloea, Myrionema (=Ascocyclus), Myrionemopsis, Myriotrichia, Nemacystus, Neoleptonema, Omphalophyllum, Papenfussiella, Phaearthron, Phaeophysema, Phaeostroma (=Phaeocladia), Phaeostromatella, Pilinia (=Waerniella), Pilocladus, Platysiphon, Polycerea, Proselachista, Protasperococcus, Protectocarpus, Punctaria (=Desmotrichum; Homoeostroma; Rhadinocladia), Saundersella, Sauvageaugloia, Soranthera, Spermatochnus, Sphaerotrichia, Stictyosiphon (=Kjellmania), Stilophora, Stilopsis, Streblonema, Streblonemopsis, Strepsithalia, Striaria, Suringariella, Tinocladia, Trachynema, Ulonema, ?Vimineoleathesia, Xanthosiphonia, Zeacarpa
        
        Family Ectocarpaceae C. Agardh, 1828 emend. Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, A.F. Peters, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011 – Ectocarpus, Kuckuckia, Pleurocladia66 (=Rhizocladia; Kolderupia), Spongonema
        
        Family Petrospongiaceae Racault, R.L. Fletcher, Reviers, G.Y. Cho, S.M. Boo, Parente & F. Rousseau, 2009 – Petrospongium
        
        Family Scytosiphonaceae Ardissone & Straforello, 1877 [incl. Chnoosporaceae Setchell & N.L. Gardner , 1925] – Chnoospora, Colpomenia, Hydroclathrus, Iyengaria, Jolyna, Melanosiphon, Myelophycus, Petalonia (=Endarachne), Rosenvingea, Scytosiphon (=Hapterophycus), Symphyocarpus
        
        Order Fucales Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 [incl. Notheiales Womersley, 1987, Durvillaeales Yu.E. Petrov, 1965]
        Family Bifurcariopsidaceae G.Y. Cho, F. Rousseau, Reviers & S.M. Boo, 2006 – Bifurcariopsis
        
        Family Durvillaeaceae (Oltmanns) De Toni, 1891 – Durvillaea
        
        Family Fucaceae Adanson, 1763 – Ascophyllum, Fucus, Hesperophycus, Pelvetia, Pelvetiopsis, Silvetia
        
        Family Himanthaliaceae (Kjellman) De Toni, 1891 – Himanthalia
        
        Family Hormosiraceae Fritsch, 1945 – Hormosira
        
        Family Notheiaceae O.C. Schmidt, 1938 – Notheia
        
        Family Sargassaceae Kützing, 1843 [incl. Cystoseiraceae De Toni, 1891] – Acrocarpia, Anthophycus, Axillariella, Bifurcaria, Brassicophycus, Carpoglossum, Carpophyllum, Caulocystis, Cladophyllum, Coccophora, Cystophora, Cystoseira (=Cystophyllum in part), Halidrys, Hormophysa, Landsburgia, Myagropsis (=Cystophyllum in part), Myriodesma, Nizamuddinia, Oerstedtia, Phyllotricha, Platythalia, Polycladia (=Acystis), Sargassopsis, Sargassum (=Hizikia), Scaberia, Sirophysalis, Stephanocystis, Stolonophora, Turbinaria
        
        Family Seirococcaceae Nizamuddin, 1987 – Cystosphaera, Marginariella, Phyllospora, Scytothalia, Seirococcus
        
        Family Xiphophoraceae G.Y. Cho, F. Rousseau, Reviers & S.M. Boo, 2006 – Xiphophora
        
        Order Laminariales Migula, 1909 [=“ALL clade” Yoon et al., 2001]
        Family Agaraceae Postels & Ruprecht, 1840 [=‘Agaroideae’] – Agarum (=Thalassiophyllum), Costaria, Dictyoneurum (=Dictyoneuropsis)
        
        Family Akkesiphycaceae H. Kawai & H. Sasaki, 2000 – Akkesiphycus
        
        Family Alariaceae Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925 – Alaria (=Pleuropterum), Eualaria (=Druehlia), Lessoniopsis, Pleurophycus, Pterygophora, Undaria (=Hirome; Undariopsis), Undariella
        
        Family Aureophycaceae H. Kawai & L.M. Ridgway, 2013 – Aureophycus
        
        Family Chordaceae Dumortier, 1822 – Chorda
        
        Family Laminariaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 [incl. Arthrothamnaceae Yu.E. Petrov, 1974] – Arthrothamnus, Cymathaere (‘Cymathere’), Laminaria (=Renfrewia), Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Pelagophycus, Postelsia, Pseudolessonia, Saccharina (=Hedophyllum; Kjellmaniella (‘Kjellmanniella’)), Streptophyllopsis
        
        Family Lessoniaceae Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925 – Ecklonia, Eckloniopsis, Egregia, Eisenia, Lessonia
        
        Family Pseudochordaceae H. Kawai & Kurogi, 1985 – Pseudochorda
        
        Laminariales incertae sedis – Costulariella, Feditia, Phyllariella, Tauya
        
        Order Nemodermatales Parente, R.L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau & N. Phillips, 2008
        Family Nemodermataceae Kuckuck ex Feldmann, 1937 – Nemoderma
        
        Order Phaeosiphoniellales Silberfeld, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2014[59]
        Family Phaeosiphoniellaceae N. Phillips, Burrowes, F. Rousseau, Reviers & G.W. Saunders, 2008 – Phaeosiphoniella
        
        Order Ralfsiales Nakamura, 1972 ex Lim et H. Kawai, 2007
        Family Mesosporaceae J. Tanaka & Chihara, 1982 – Basispora, Hapalospongidion (’Hapalospongidium’), Mesospora
        
        Family Neoralfsiaceae Lim & H. Kawai, 2007 – Neoralfsia
        
        Family Ralfsiaceae Farlow, 1881 [incl. Heterochordariaceae Setchell & N.L. Gardner, 1925] – Analipus, Heterochordaria, Endoplura, Heteroralfsia, Ralfsia
        
        Order Scytothamnales A.F. Peters & M.N. Clayton, 1998 emend. Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, A.F. Peters, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011
        Family Asteronemataceae Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011 – Asteronema
        
        Family Bachelotiaceae Silberfeld, Racault, R.L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau & Reviers, 2011 – Bachelotia
        
        Family Splachnidiaceae Mitchell & Whitting, 1892 [incl. Scytothamnaceae Womersley, 1987] – Scytothamnus, Splachnidium, Stereocladon
        
        Order Sporochnales Sauvageau, 1926
        Family Sporochnaceae Greville, 1830 – Austronereia, Bellotia, Carpomitra, Encyothalia, Lucasia, Nereia, Perisporochnus, Perithalia, Sporochnema, Sporochnus, Tomaculopsis
        
        Order Tilopteridales Bessey, 1907 emend. Phillips et al., 2008 [=Cutleriales Bessey, 1907]
        Family Cutleriaceae Griffith & Henfrey, 1856 – Cutleria (=Aglaozonia), Zanardinia
        
        Family Halosiphonaceae H. Kawai & H. Sasaki, 2000 – Halosiphon
        
        Family Phyllariaceae Tilden, 1935 – Saccorhiza, Phyllariopsis (=Phyllaria)
        
        Family Stschapoviaceae H. Kawai, 2004 – Stschapovia
        
        Family Tilopteridaceae Kjellman, 1890 – Haplospora, Tilopteris
        
        Fucophycidae incertae sedis – Jonssonia, Porterinema, Sorapion, Zosterocarpus
      - Class Xanthophyceae Allorge ex Fritsch, 1935 [=Tribophyceae Hibberd, 1981;[60] Heterokontae Luther, 1899] (“yellow-green algae”)
        Order Botrydiales Schaffner, 1922
        Family Botrydiaceae Rabenhorst, 1863 – Asterosiphon, Botrydium, Polychloris
        
        Order Mischococcales Fritsch, 1927
        Family Botrydiopsidaceae Hibberd, 1980 – Botrydiopsis, Excentrochloris, Perone
        
        Family Botryochloridaceae Pascher, 1938 – Botryochloris, Chlorellidiopsis, Chlorellidium, Ducellieria, Heterodesmus, Ilsteria, Raphidiella, Sphaerosorus, Tetraktis
        
        Family Centritractaceae Pascher, 1937 – Bumilleriopsis, Centritractus , Pseudotetraëdron
        
        Family Characiopsidaceae Pascher, 1938 – Characiopsis, Chlorokoryne, Chlorothecium, Chytridiochloris, Dioxys, Harpochytrium, Hemisphaerella, Lutherella, Peroniella
        
        Family Chloropediaceae Pascher, 1931 – Chloropedia
        
        Family Gloeobotrydaceae Pascher, 1937 – Chlorosaccus, Asterogloea, Dictyosphaeriopsis, Gaumiella, Gloeobotrys, Gloeoskene, Gloeosphaeridium, Merismogloea
        
        Family Gloeopodiaceae Pascher, 1938 – Gloeopodium
        
        Family Mischococcaceae Pascher, 1912 – Mischococcus
        
        Family Ophiocytiaceae Lemmermann, 1899 – Ophiocytium
        
        Family Pleurochloridaceae Pascher, 1937 – Acanthochloris, Actinellipsoidion, Arachnochloris, Aulakochloris, Bracchiogonium, Chlorallanthus, Chlorapion, Chlorarkys, Chloridella, Chlorocloster, Chlorogibba, Diachros, Endochloridion, Isthmochloron, Keriosphaera, Leuvenia, Meringosphaera, Monallanthus, Monodus, Nephrodiella, Osterhoutia, Pleurochloridella, Pleurochloris, Pleurogaster, Polyedriella, Polygoniochloris, Prismatella, Pseudogoniochloris, Pseudopolyedriopsis, Rhomboidella , Schilleriella, Skiadosphaera, Sklerochlamys, Tetraplektron, Trachychloron
        
        Family Trypanochloridaceae Geitler ex Pascher, 1938 – Trypanochloris
        
        Order Rhizochloridales Pascher, 1925
        Family Myxochloridaceae Pascher, 1937 – Myxochloris
        
        Family Rhizochloridaceae Pascher, 1925 – Aldavemyxa, Heterocalycina, Rhizochloris
        
        Family Stipitococcaceae Pascher ex Smith, 1933 – Rhizolekane, Stipitococcus, Stipitoporos
        
        Rhizochloridales incertae sedis – Garciamyxa, Herreramyxa, Requejomyxa
        
        Order Tribonematales Pascher, 1939
        Family Heterodendraceae Pascher, 1939 – Heterodendron
        
        Family Heteropediaceae Hibberd, 1982 – Capitulariella, Chaetopedia, Heterococcus, Heteropedia, Sphagnoikos
        
        Family Neonemataceae Ettl, 1977 – Neonema
        
        Family Tribonemataceae West, 1904 – Brachynematella, Bumilleria, Tribonema
        
        Family Xanthonemataceae Silva, 1980 – Heterotrichella, Xanthonema, ?Hormotheca
        
        Order Vaucheriales Nägeli ex Bohlin, 1901 [=“Vaucherialean clade”][61]
        Family Vaucheriaceae (Gray) Dumortier, 1822 – Pseudodichotomosiphon, Vaucheria, Vaucheriella
        
        Xanthophyceae incertae sedis – Dictyosphaeriopsis, Groenlandiella, Halosphaeropsis, Pelagocystis, Polyedrium, Pseudopleurochloris, Raphidosphaera, Sphaerochloris, Tiresias
- Infraphylum Diatomista Derelle et al. ex Cavalier-Smith, 2017 [=“SIII clade”][53]
  - Superclass Hypogyrista Cavalier-Smith, 1995 stat. nov. 2006
    - Class Dictyochophyceae Silva, 1980 [=Dictyochia Haeckel, 1894; Alophycidae Cavalier-Smith, 2006]
      - Subclass Pedinellia Cavalier-Smith, 1986 stat. nov. 2017 [=Actinochrysophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1995] (“axodines”) (e.g. Pedinella)
        Order Florenciellales Eikrem, Edvardsen & Throndsen, 2007[62] – Florenciella, Pseudochattonella, Verrucophora
        
        Order Silicoflagellata Borgert, 1890 [=Dictyochales Haeckel, 1894] (“silicoflagellates”)
        Family Dictyochaceae Lemmermann, 1901 – Arctyocha, Bachmannocena, Caryocha, Dictyocha, Halicalyptra, Hannaites, Mesocena, Naviculopsis, Neonaviculopsis, Octactis, Paradictyocha, Paramesocena, Septamesocena, Stephanocha, Vicicitus
        
        Order Pedinellales Zimmermann et al., 1984 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 2006[57] (“abodines”)[63]
        Suborder Actinomonadineae Cavalier-Smith, 2006[57] (“actinodines”)
        Family Actinomonadaceae Kent, 1880 [=Pedinellaceae Pascher, 1910] – Actinomonas, Apedinella, Mesopedinella, Parapedinella, Pedinella, Pseudopedinella, Pteridomonas
        
        Suborder Ciliophryineae Febvre-Chevalier ex Cavalier-Smith, 2006[57]
        Family Rhizochromulinaceae O’Kelly & Wujek, 1994 – Rhizochromulina
        
        Family Ciliophryaceae Poche, 1913 – Ciliophrys
      - Subclass Pelagophycidae Andersen & Saunders, 1993 ex Cavalier-Smith, 2006 [=Pelagophyceae Andersen & Saunders, 1993]
        Order Pelagomonadales Andersen & Saunders, 1993
        Family Pelagomonadaceae Andersen & Saunders, 1993 – Ankylochrysis, Aureococcus, Chrysophaeum, Pelagomonas, Pelagococcus
        
        Order Sarcinochrysidales Gayral & Billard, 1986 emend. O'Kelly, 1989
        Family Chrysocystaceae M.Melkonian, H.S.Yoon & R.A.Andersen, 2018[64] – Chrysocystis, Chrysoreinhardia, Sungminbooa
        
        Family Sarcinochrysidaceae – Andersenia, Arachnochrysis, Aureoscheda, Aureoumbra, Gazia, Glomerochrysis, Pelagospilus, Pulvinaria, Sarcinochrysis, Sargassococcus, etc.
      - ?Subclass Sulcophycidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013 – ?Sulcochrysis[lower-alpha 15]
    - Class Pinguiophyceae Kawachi et al., 2002
      - Order Pinguiochrysidales Kawachi et al., 2002
        Family Pinguiochrysidaceae Kawachi et al., 2002 – Glossomastix, Phaeomonas, Pinguiochrysis, Pinguiococcus, Polypodochrysis
  - Superclass Khakista Cavalier-Smith, 2000 stat. nov., 2017[29]
    - Class Bolidophyceae
    - Class Diatomeae [=Bacillariophyceae]
- Ochrophytina incertae sedis
  - Class Olisthodiscophyceae Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021[65]
    - Order Olisthodiscales Cavalier-Smith, 2013 emend. Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021
      - Family Olisthodiscaceae Cavalier-Smith, 2013 emend. Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021 – Olisthodiscus
Subphylum Pseudofungi Cavalier-Smith, 1986[29] [=Heterokontimycotina M.W. Dick, 1976]
- Class Hyphochytrea Cavalier-Smith, 1986 [=Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker, 1969]
  - Order Hyphochytriales Bessey, 1950 ex Sparrow, 1960 [=Anisochytriales Karling, 1943]
    - Family Hyphochytriaceae Fischer, 1892 – Canteriomyces, Cystochytrium, Hyphochytrium (=Hyphophagus)
    - Family Rhizidiomycetaceae Karling ex Kirk, Cannon & David, 2001 – Latrostium, Reessia, Rhizidiomyces (=Rhizidiomycopsis)
- Class Oomycetes Winter in Rabenhorst, 1879 [=Oomycota Arx, 1967; Peronosporomycetes M.W. Dick, 2001] (“water moulds”)
  - Subclass Eogamia
    - Order Anisolpidiales M.W. Dick, 2001
      - Family Anisolpidiaceae Karling, 1943 ex M.W. Dick, 2001 – Anisolpidium
    - Order Haptoglossales M.W. Dick, 2001
      - Family Haptoglossaceae M.W. Dick – Haptoglossa
    - Order Lagenismatales M.W. Dick, 2001
      - Family Lagenismataceae M.W. Dick, 1995 – Lagenisma
    - Order Olpidiopsidales M.W. Dick, 2001
      - Family Olpidiopsidaceae Sparrow ex Cejp, 1959 – Bicilium, Diplophysa, Olpidiopsis, Peronium, Pleocystidium, Pseudolpidiopsis, Pseudolpidium, ?Gracea
    - Order Rozellopsidales M.W. Dick, 2001
      - Family Pseudosphaeritaceae M.W. Dick, 1995 – Pseudosphaerita, Sphaerita
      - Family Rozellopsidaceae M.W. Dick, 1995 – Rozellopsis, Skirgiellopsis
      - Rozellopsidales incertae sedis – Olpidiomorpha, Pleotrachelus
  - Subclass Peronosporidae
    - Order Peronosporales
    - Order Pythiales
    - Order Rhipidiales
  - Subclass Saprolegniidae
    - Order Albuginales
    - Order Leptomitales
    - Order Salilagenidiales
    - Order Saprolegniales

Kingdom Archaeplastida

Despite being technically inside the plant kingdom, rhodophytes and glaucophytes are considered protists under some definitions.

Division Glaucophyta

Class Glaucophyceae Bohlin, 1901
- Order Glaucocystales Bessey, 1907
  - Family Glaucocystaceae G.S. West, 1904

Division Rhodophyta

Subdivision Cyanidiophytina
- Class Cyanidiophyceae
  - Order Cyanidiales
    - Family Cyanidiaceae Geitler, 1935
    - Family Galdieriaceae
Subdivision Eurhodophytina
- Class Bangiophyceae Wettst., 1901
  - Order Bangiales
    - Family Bangiaceae
    - Family Boldiaceae
  - Order Goniotrichales Skuja, 1939
    - Family Goniotrichaceae
- Class Florideophyceae Cronquist, 1960
  - Subclass Hildenbrandiophycidae
    - Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel & Cole, 1982
      - Family Hildenbrandiaceae Rabenhorst, 1868
  - Subclass Nemaliophycidae
    - Order Acrochaetiales
      - Family Acrochaetiaceae
    - Order Batrachospermales
      - Family Lemaneaceae
    - Order Balliales
      - Family Balliaceae
    - Order Balbianiales Sheath & K.M. Müller, 1999
      - Family Balbianiaceae
    - Order Corallinales
      - Family Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812
        Subfamily Amphiroideae
        
        Subfamily Corallinoideae
        
        Subfamily Lithophylloideae
        
        Subfamily Mastophoroideae
        
        Subfamily Metagoniolithoideae
    - Order Colaconematales
      - Family Colaconemataceae
    - Order Nemaliales
      - Family Galaxauraceae
      - Family Liagoraceae
      - Family Scinaiaceae
    - Order Palmariales
      - Family Palmariaceae
    - Order Rhodogorgonales
      - Family Rhodogorgonaceae
    - Order Thoreales
      - Family Thoreaceae
  - Subclass Ahnfeltiophycidae
    - Order Ahnfeltiales
      - Family Ahnfeltiaceae
    - Order Pihiellales
      - Family Pihiellaceae
  - Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
    - Order Bonnemaisoniales
      - Family Bonnemaisoniaceae
    - Order Gigartinales F. Schmitz, 1892
      - Family Acrotylaceae
      - Family Areschougiaceae
      - Family Blinksiaceae
      - Family Calosiphonaceae
      - Family Catenellopsidaceae
      - Family Caulacanthaceae
      - Family Chondriellaceae
      - Family Choreocolacaceae
      - Family Corynocystaceae
      - Family Crossocarpaceae
      - Family Cruoriaceae
      - Family Cubiculosporaceae
      - Family Cystocloniaceae
      - Family Dicranemataceae
      - Family Dumontiaceae
      - Family Endocladiaceae
      - Family Furcellariaceae
      - Family Gainiaceae
      - Family Gigartinaceae
      - Family Gloiosiphoniaceae
      - Family Haemeschariaceae
      - Family Hypneaceae
      - Family Kallymeniaceae
      - Family Mychodeaceae
      - Family Mychodeophyllaceae
      - Family Nizymeniaceae
      - Family Phacelocarpaceae
      - Family Phyllophoraceae
      - Family Polyidaceae
      - Family Rhizophyllidaceae
      - Family Rissoellaceae
      - Family Schmiziellaceae
      - Family Solieriaceae
      - Family Sphaerococcaceae
      - Family Tichocarpaceae
    - Order Gelidiales
      - Family Gelidiaceae
      - Family Gelidiellaceae
      - Family Pterocladiaceae
    - Order Gracilariales
      - Family Gracilariaceae
      - Family Pterocladiophilaceae
    - Order Halymeniales
      - Family Halymeniaceae
    - Order Rhodymeniales F. Schmitz & Engl, 1892
      - Family Champiaceae
      - Family Faucheaceae
      - Family Hymenocladiaceae
      - Family Lomentariaceae
      - Family Rhodymeniaceae
    - Order Nemastomatales Kylin, 1925
      - Family Nemastomataceae
      - Family Schizymeniaceae
    - Order Plocamiales
      - Family Plocamiaceae
      - Family Sarcodiaceae
    - Order Ceramiales
      - Family Ceramiaceae
      - Family Delesseriaceae
Subdivision Rhodophytina
- Class Compsopogonophyceae
  - Order Compsopogonales Skuja, 1939
    - Family Compsopogonaceae F. Schmitz, 1896
  - Order Rhodochaetales
    - Family Rhodochaetaceae
  - Order Erythropeltidales Garbary, G.I. Hansen & Scagel, 1980
    - Family Erythropeltidaceae
    - Family Erythrotrichiaceae G.M. Smith, 1933
- Class Porphyridiophyceae Kylin, 1937
  - Order Porphyridiales Kylin, 1937
    - Family Phragmonemataceae Skuja, 1939
    - Family Porphyridiaceae Kylin, 1937
- Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1998
  - Order Dixoniellales
    - Family Dixoniellaceae
  - Order Glaucosphaerales
    - Family Glaucosphaeraceae Skuja, 1954
  - Order Rhodellales
    - Family Rhodellaceae
- Class Stylonematophyceae
  - Order Rufusiales Zuccarello & J.A. West, 2008
    - Family Rufusiaceae Zuccarello & J.A. West, 2008
  - Order Stylonematales
    - Family Stylonemataceae
Subdivision Metarhodophytina
- Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W. Saunders & Hommersand, 2004
  - Order Compsopogonales Skuja, 1939
    - Family Boldiaceae
    - Family Compsopogonaceae
  - Order Erythropeltidales Garbary, 1980
    - Family Erythrotrichiaceae
  - Order Rhodochaetales Bessey, 1907
    - Family Rhodochaetaceae

Protista incertae sedis

Meteora sporadica Hausmann, Weitere, Wolf & Arndt (2002)[66]

?Parakaryon myojinensis Yamaguchi et al. 2012[lower-alpha 16]

Notes

The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.
These last three genera are considered as "possible" Centrohelea.[28]
The heliomonads, including Heliomorpha, have been transferred back into Cercozoa in an unpublished paper submitted in 2020 that revises the classification of Cercozoa. It is thought that the transnuclear cytoplasmic channels for the axopodial axonemes found both in Microhelida and Heliomonadida evolved independently.[32]
Phylogenetically, Endomyxa belongs to Cercozoa, not Retaria,[35] but the most recent taxonomy places it in Retaria.[19]
Probably paraphyletic.
This paraphyletic class includes the orders Allogromiida and Astrorhizida, the Xenophyophorea, and several unnamed clades recovered from environmental sampling.[44]
The new classification[45] only includes genera for which there is molecular data; the rest of the taxa contained in the older classification[43] follow a question mark "?".
This paraphyletic grade includes the polyphyletic Lituolida, the Loftusiida and the Textulariida sensu stricto.[44]
Polyphyletic group.[44]
The gymnosphaerids are one of the traditional orders of heliozoa, and were once considered as part of the class Centrohelea, but are more probably related to Acantharea.[28]
This genus is currently the earliest diverging lineage of Labyrinthulea, which is why it still doesn't belong to any family.[49]
Though previously part of the order Thraustochytrida,[50] it is phylogenetically outside of any known order of Labyrinthulea and is the second earliest diverging lineage after Stellarchytrium.[49]
Probably paraphyletic.[29]
Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus, and grouped both genera within this subclass.[46][29] However, a study in, 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae, which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.[65]
It is not yet known whether this organism is an eukaryote or a prokaryote.[67]

References

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This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[origin-1] The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

[4] In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.

[31] These last three genera are considered as "possible" Centrohelea.[28]

[37] The heliomonads, including Heliomorpha, have been transferred back into Cercozoa in an unpublished paper submitted in 2020 that revises the classification of Cercozoa. It is thought that the transnuclear cytoplasmic channels for the axopodial axonemes found both in Microhelida and Heliomonadida evolved independently.[32]

[43] Phylogenetically, Endomyxa belongs to Cercozoa, not Retaria,[35] but the most recent taxonomy places it in Retaria.[19]

[44] Probably paraphyletic.

[51] This paraphyletic class includes the orders Allogromiida and Astrorhizida, the Xenophyophorea, and several unnamed clades recovered from environmental sampling.[44]

[53] The new classification[45] only includes genera for which there is molecular data; the rest of the taxa contained in the older classification[43] follow a question mark "?".

[54] This paraphyletic grade includes the polyphyletic Lituolida, the Loftusiida and the Textulariida sensu stricto.[44]

[55] Polyphyletic group.[44]

[56] The gymnosphaerids are one of the traditional orders of heliozoa, and were once considered as part of the class Centrohelea, but are more probably related to Acantharea.[28]

[61] This genus is currently the earliest diverging lineage of Labyrinthulea, which is why it still doesn't belong to any family.[49]

[63] Though previously part of the order Thraustochytrida,[50] it is phylogenetically outside of any known order of Labyrinthulea and is the second earliest diverging lineage after Stellarchytrium.[49]

[66] Probably paraphyletic.[29]

[80] Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus, and grouped both genera within this subclass.[46][29] However, a study in, 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae, which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.[65]

[83] It is not yet known whether this organism is an eukaryote or a prokaryote.[67]

[whitaker5kingdoms-2] Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.

[3] "whittaker new concepts of kingdoms – Google Scholar". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

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[HighFungi-6] Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018), "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses", Fungal Diversity, 90: 135–159, doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0, S2CID 21714270

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Taxonomy of Protista

Kingdom Protozoa*

Phylum Amoebozoa

Phylum Choanozoa*

Phylum Loukozoa

Phylum Metamonada

Phylum Percolozoa

Phylum Euglenozoa

Kingdom Chromista

Phylum Telonemia

Phylum Haptista

Phylum Cryptista

Rhizaria

Phylum Cercozoa

Phylum Retaria

Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Myzozoa

Phylum Bigyra

Phylum Gyrista

Kingdom Archaeplastida

Division Glaucophyta

Division Rhodophyta

Protista incertae sedis

See also

Notes

References