Gomphotherium

Gomphotherium; Temporal range:
	Specimen of G. productum (AMNH)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Proboscidea
Family:	†Gomphotheriidae
Genus:	†Gomphotherium; Burmeister, 1837
Species
	Subgenus Gomphotherium G. angustidens; (Cuvier, 1817) (type) ; G. annectens (Matsumoto, 1925) ; G. browni (Osborn, 1926) ; G. connexum Hopwood, 1935 ; G. cooperi (Osborn, 1932) ; G. hannibali Welcomme, 1994 ; G. inopinatum (Borissiak and Belyaeva, 1928) ; G. libycum (Fourtau, 1918) ; G. mongoliense (Osborn, 1924) ; G. obscurum (Leidy, 1869) ; G. pojoaquensis (Frick, 1933) ; G. productum (Cope, 1874) ; G. pygmaeus (Deperet, 1897) ; G. riograndensis (Frick, 1933) ; G. steinheimense; (Klahn, 1922) ; G. subtapiroideum (Schlesinger, 1917) ; G. sylvaticum Tassy, 1985 ; G. wimani Hopwood, 1935 ; G. tassyi Wang, Li, Duangkrayom, Yang, He & Chen, 2017[1] ; Subgenus Genomastodon G. osborni (Barbour, 1916) ; G. willistoni (Barbour, 1914) ; Incertae sedis G. calvertensis; Gazin and Collins 1950 ;
Synonyms
	Trilophodon; Falconer and Cautley, 1846; Tetrabelodon; Cope, 1884; Serridentinus; Osborn, 1923; Tatabelodon; Frick 1933;

Gomphotherium (/ˌɡɒmfəˈθɪəriəm/; "welded beast") is an extinct genus of proboscids from the Neogene and early Pleistocene of Eurasia, Africa, North America and Asia.[2] As of 2021, two species, G. annectens and possibly G. subtapiroideum, are also known from North Korea.[3][4]

Description

Most species of Gomphotherium were similar in size to the Asian elephant, with G. productum (known from a 35-year-old male) measuring 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in) tall and weighing 4.6 t (4.5 long tons; 5.1 short tons). The largest species G. steinheimense, known from a complete 37-year-old male found in Mühldorf, Germany, measured up to 3.17 m (10.4 ft) tall and weighed 6.7 t (6.6 long tons; 7.4 short tons).[5]

It had four tusks, two on the upper jaw and two on the elongated lower jaw. The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel and were probably used for digging up food from mud. Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk with poor flexibility. These animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation.[6]

In comparison to earlier proboscideans, Gomphotherium had far fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surfaces. Gomphotherium spp. inhabited dry wooded regions near lakes.

Taxonomy

The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Gomphotherium among other proboscideans, based on hyoid characteristics:[7]

Mammut americanum (American mastodon)

Gomphotherium sp.

Stegodon zdanskyi

Loxodonta africana (African elephant)

	Elephas maximus (Asian elephant)

	Mammuthus columbi (Columbian mammoth)

Gomphotherium angustidens
Gomphotherium productum
G. angustidens by Charles R. Knight
G. angustidens skeleton
Skeletal restoration of G. productum (right) and G. steinheimense (left)

References

Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017). "A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1318284. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284. S2CID 90593535.
Wang, Wei; Liao, Wei; Li, Dawei; Tian, Feng (1 July 2014). "Early Pleistocene large-mammal fauna associated with Gigantopithecus at Mohui Cave, Bubing Basin, South China". Quaternary International. 354: 122–130. Bibcode:2014QuInt.354..122W. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.036. ISSN 1040-6182.
Choi, Seung; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2017). "A review of vertebrate body fossils from the Korean Peninsula and perspectives". Geosciences Journal. 21 (6): 867–889. Bibcode:2017GescJ..21..867C. doi:10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. ISSN 1226-4806. S2CID 133835817.
Han, K.S.; So, K.S.; Choe, R.S.; Kim, S.C. (2021). "First Occurrence of a Gomphotheriid (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Paleontological Journal. 55 (10): 1186–1192. doi:10.1134/S003103012110004X.
Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.
Lambert, W.D. (1992). "The feeding habits of the shovel-tusked gomphotheres: evidence from tusk wear patterns". Paleobiology. 18 (2): 132–147. doi:10.1017/S0094837300013932. JSTOR 2400995.
Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior". Quaternary International. 126–128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017). "A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1318284. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284. S2CID 90593535.

[2] Wang, Wei; Liao, Wei; Li, Dawei; Tian, Feng (1 July 2014). "Early Pleistocene large-mammal fauna associated with Gigantopithecus at Mohui Cave, Bubing Basin, South China". Quaternary International. 354: 122–130. Bibcode:2014QuInt.354..122W. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.036. ISSN 1040-6182.

[3] Choi, Seung; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2017). "A review of vertebrate body fossils from the Korean Peninsula and perspectives". Geosciences Journal. 21 (6): 867–889. Bibcode:2017GescJ..21..867C. doi:10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. ISSN 1226-4806. S2CID 133835817.

[4] Han, K.S.; So, K.S.; Choe, R.S.; Kim, S.C. (2021). "First Occurrence of a Gomphotheriid (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Paleontological Journal. 55 (10): 1186–1192. doi:10.1134/S003103012110004X.

[proboscideans-5] Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.

[6] Lambert, W.D. (1992). "The feeding habits of the shovel-tusked gomphotheres: evidence from tusk wear patterns". Paleobiology. 18 (2): 132–147. doi:10.1017/S0094837300013932. JSTOR 2400995.

[7] Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior". Quaternary International. 126–128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011.