Siege of Multan (1818)
The siege of Multan began in March 1818 and lasted until 2 June 1818 as part of the Afghan–Sikh Wars,[5] and saw the Sikh Empire capture the city of Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) from the Durrani Empire.
| Siege of Multan (1818) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Afghan–Sikh Wars | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Sikh Empire |
 Durrani Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Misr Diwan Chand Kharak Singh[nb 1] Hari Singh Nalwa (WIA) Sham Singh Atariwala | Nawab Muzaffar Khan †[4] | ||||||||
  Multan Location of Multan within present-day Pakistan | |||||||||
Background
After he was defeated at the Battle of Attock, the Durrani Vizier, Wazir Fateh Khan, fought off an attempt by Ali Shah, the ruler of Persia, to capture the Durrani province of Herat.[6] He was joined by his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan. Once they had captured the city, Fateh Khan attempted to remove the ruler, a relation of his superior, Mahmud Shah, and rule in his stead. In the attempt to take the city from its Durrani ruler, Dost Mohammad Khan's men robbed a princess of her jewels.[7] Kamran Durrani, Mahmud Shah's son, used this as a pretext to remove Fateh Khan from power, and had him horribly tortured and executed.[7]
While in power, however, Fateh Khan had installed twenty-one of his brothers in positions of power throughout the Durrani Empire. After his death the next eldest brother Mohd. Azim Khan, governor of Kashmir, led the Barakzais as they rebelled and divided up the provinces of the empire between themselves. During this turbulent period Kabul had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan captured the city in 1826.[8]
The Sikh Empire had attacked Multan multiple times in the past, the largest attack being in 1810. However, on the previous occasions the Sikh forces would defeat the defending force and seize the city only to have the governor of Multan, Muzaffar Khan Sadozai, retreat into the Multan Fort. During previous sieges, the Sikhs had settled for large single payments of tribute, while the attack in 1810, resulted in Multan paying a yearly tribute. Muzaffar Khan already ruled the Durrani province of Multan independently of the descendants of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the rulers of Kabul. With the relatives of the deceased Fateh Khan engulfed in a power struggle with Mahmud Shah, no Durrani force would be able to relieve him.
Battle
In early 1818, Ranjit Singh ordered Misr Diwan Chand to rendezvous on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan. By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensive supply chain from the capital, Lahore, to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers.[9] Rani Raj Kaur (Mai Nakkain) was given the command [10] of the of food and ammunition supply additionally she, herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to the at Kot Kamalia, a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.[9]
In early January Misr Diwan Chand began their campaign with the capture of Nawab Muzaffar Khan's forts at Muzaffargarh and Khangarh.[11] In February, the Sikh force under actual command of Misr Diwan Chand and nominial under Kharak Singh[12] reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large tribute he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces under Misr Diwan Chand won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the Zamzama and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a sortie to defend the fort but were killed in the battle. The siege of Multan ended significant Afghan influence in the Peshawar region and led to the capture of Peshawar by the Sikhs.[13]
Aftermath
Sardars who had participated in this campaign were given inams and jagirs . ' Misr Diwan Chand , the main conqueror of Multan , was awarded the title of zafar - jang - bahadur ( the victorious in battle ) , and was also given a jagir worth Rs. 25,000 and a khillat of the value of one lakh rupees.[14]
Notes
- Kharak Singh was the nominal leader of the expedition as several officers refused to serve under Misr Diwan Chand.[3]
References
- Marshman, John Clark (1867). The History of India, Volume III. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. p. 33.
- "Ranjit Singh Sikh maharaja". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Chopra 1928, p. 17
- Chopra 1928, p. 23
- Jaques 2006, p. 696.
- Cunningham 1918, p. 157.
- Cunningham 1918, pp. 152–153.
- Tanner 2009, p. 126.
- Chopra 1928, p. 17.
- Journal of Sikh Studies. Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University. 2001.
-
Gazetteer of the Multan District |Tile
Ranjit Singh and His Generals - = |Book Title=The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 14 - Page 195 | Book Title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India
- Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935). General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791-1837. p. 10.
- The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 19
Bibliography
- Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928). The Panjab as a Sovereign State. Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons.
- Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1918). A history of the Sikhs. London, New york: Oxford University Press.
- Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26.
- Prakash, Om (2002-09-01). Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-261-0938-8. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- Tanner, Stephen (2009). Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81826-4.