Detailed logarithmic timeline

Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a virtual particle or false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything". Infant universe cools as it begins growing outward. The universe is almost completely smooth, as quantum variations begin to cause slight variations in density. The universe's expansion decelerates at a faster rate. Recombination; electrons merge with nuclei to form atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen and helium distributions at this time remain constant as electron baryon plasma thins. Ordinary matter particles decouple from radiation. Formation of galaxies. Formation of HD 140283, the "Methuselah star", seemingly more than 14 Ga ago. Earliest quasars, habitable epoch.[1][2] Galaxy HCM-6A, the most distant normal galaxy observed, forms. Visual limit of Hubble Deep Field. Since universe still small in size, galaxy interactions become common as larger & larger galaxies form out of galaxy merger process. Celestial body PSR B1620-26 b forms. It is gas giant aka "Genesis Planet" or "Methuselah." As it's oldest observed exoplanet at Universe, it orbits pulsar & white dwarf. First stars. Due to many being Population III stars (some Population II stars at this time); they are much bigger and hotter, and their lifespans are fairly short. Unlike later generations of stars, these stars are metal-free. Terzan 5 forms as small dwarf galaxy on collision course against Milky Way. Dwarf galaxy carrying Methusaleh Star consumed by Milky Way as Methusaleh Star which is oldest known star at universe now 1 of many population II stars of Milky Way. Reionization begins, with certain wavelengths of light absorption by neutral hydrogen making Gunn–Peterson troughs. The resulting ionized gas (mainly free electrons) in the intergalactic medium causes some light scattering, but with much lower opacity than before recombination due to cosmic expansion and gas clumping into galaxies. SN 1000+0216, oldest observed supernova occurs. Formation of the star SMSS J031300.36−670839.3 and the star clusters NGC 6522 and Omega Centauri.

Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), globular cluster NGC 2808, red giant star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy. Barnard's Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed.

Formation of the earliest Population I stars and planetary nebulae, followed by rocky terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids and icy comets. Formation of the exoplanets 55 Cancri B, Kepler 11 c and 51 Pegasi b. A galaxy collides with the Milky Way, giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Formation of Gliese 876 and its planets.[3]

Formation of the exoplanets Kepler 452b and GJ 1214 b and the stars Alpha Centauri and Tau Ceti.

Hadean eon

Pre-Noachian era (Mars)

Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)

Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)

The dark-energy dominated era starts after the matter-dominated era. Formation of the open star cluster Messier 67. A primal supernova possibly triggers the formation of the Solar System. Formation of the Sun, Earth and Moon. Due to accretion, many smaller planets form orbits around the proto-Sun, some with conflicting orbits, causing the Early Heavy Bombardment to begin. A large planetoid strikes Mercury, removing its original crust and mantle outer envelope, leaving the planet's core exposed, which may explain why Mercury's iron content is notably high. Many Galilean moons may have been made at this time, including Europa and Titan, which may presently be hospitable to some life forms. The Earth-Moon system is formed after a giant impact by the hypothetical planetoid Theia. The Moon's gravitational pull helps calm Earth's changing axis of rotation. A major collision with a Pluto-sized planetoid causes Martian dichotomy, forming Mars' North Polar Basin. Sun enters main sequence: solar wind sweeps Earth Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust & gas).

Hadean eon

beginning of Archaean eon

Eoarchean era

Basin Groups era.

Nectarian era

Imbrian period

Formation of Kepler 438 b. Huge meteorite impact makes South Pole Aitken Basin on Moon, then huge mountain chain on lunar south limb forms. After moon formed, 1st lunar crust, formed of lunar anorthosite, differentiates from lower magmas. earliest Earth crust probably made similarly out of similar material. Earth's crust cools enough to let oceans form. 1st known mineral, found at Jack Hills, Australia. Detrital zircons show presence of solid crust & liquid water. Resonance at Jupiter and Saturn's orbits moves Neptune into the Kuiper belt, causing disruption among asteroids and comets there, so the Late Heavy Bombardment batters the inner Solar System (possibly). Origin of life. Earliest known life forms: unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in mineral deposits aged 4.25 Ga located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[4][5] Herschel Crater is formed on Mimas. A meteorite impact on Mars makes Hellas Planitia, the largest unambiguous structure on planet. Acasta Gneiss of Northwest Territories, Canada, 1st known oldest rock. Anseris Mons, lonely massif in Mars southern highlands, at northeast edge of Hellas Planitia uplifted in the wake of a meteorite impact. Nectaris Basin forms from a large impact event causing ejecta from Nectaris to form the upper part of a densely cratered Lunar Highlands. Tolstoj (crater) forms on Mercury. Caloris Basin forms on Mercury, leading to the formation of "Weird Terraine" when seismic activity triggers volcanic activity across Mercury. Rembrandt (crater) forms on Mercury. Evidence for hydrothermal vent microbes.[6][7] Biogenic graphite in metasedimentary rocks aged 3.7 Ga discovered in Western Greenland.[8] Weathering of land affects ocean chemistry.[9][10] Alba Mons forms on Mars, largest volcano by area. Possible making of Vaalbara supercontinent; oldest cratons on Earth (like Canadian Shield, East European Craton & Kaapval) begin growing due to crustal disturbances along continents coalescing into Vaalbara – Pilbara Craton stabilizes. Makhonjwa Mountains uplifts on east edge of Kaapval craton, as these are 1st mountains at Africa – area aka "genesis of life" for exceptional preservation of fossils. Narryer Gneiss Terrane stabilizes: gneisses now "bedrock" for formation of Yilgarn Craton at Australia – noted for survival of Jack Hills where oldest mineral, a zircon was found. Lifetime of Last universal ancestor Bacteria & Archaea split. Varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally.

Paleoarchean era

Mesoarchean era

Amazonian period

Eratosthenian period

Microbial mat fossils[11][12] and signs of life on land.[13] in Western Australia. Stromatolites. Martian climate thins to its present density when groundwater at its upper crust (megaregolith) begins to freeze, forming a thick cryosphere above a deeper liquid water zone. Impact cratering becomes the main geological force on the Moon. Onverwacht series form, containing some of the oldest microfossils which are mostly spheroidal and carbonaceous algae-like. Formation of the continent Ur, covering between 12 and 16% of current continental crust. Formation of the Limpopo Belt. Gneiss and greenstone belts at Baltic Shield laid down at Kola Peninsula, Karelia, and northeast Finland. Formation of Kenorland, based upon Baltic shield core. Breakup of the continents Vaalbara and Ur as the latter becomes part of the supercontinent Kenorland. Possible Cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).[14] Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron at oceans, creating iron ore – over time oxygen concentration at sky slowly rises, acting as a poison many bacteria. As Moon is still very close to Earth & causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high, Earth is continually wracked by hurricane force winds – these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats now successful forming the 1st reef building communities on Earth at shallow warm tidal pool zones. Stabilization of cratons. Sterane biomarkers possibly indicate first eukaryotes. Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.[15]

End of Archaean eon

Beginning of Proterozoic eon

Paleoproterozoic era

Siderian period

Rhyacian period

Saturation of oxygen at ocean sediments reached as oxygen now begins to dramatically appear in Earth's atmosphere. Without oxygen sink, Earth's sky becomes highly oxygenic. Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis – various forms of Archaea & anoxic bacteria now extinct at 1st major extinction event on Earth. Beginning of Huronian glaciation. Grypania fossils. Bushveld Igneous Complex. Transvaal Basin begins to form. Continents form.[16][17] Last great tectonic period at Martian geologic history: Valles Marineris, largest canyon complex at Solar System, forms but through several suggestions of thermokarst activity or water erosion, it's suggested Valles Marineris is rift fault.

Orosirian period

End of Huronian glaciation. First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.[14] First known eukaryotic acritarchs (probably).[18] Earliest known eukaryote fossils. First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" (Francevillian Group Fossil); Wopmay orogen along west border of the Canadian Shield. Bolide over 10 km in size creates Vredefort impact structure. Milky Way perturbed by collision.[19] lesser supercontinent Atlantica forms. Oklo natural nuclear reactor of Gabon made by uranium precipitant bacteria. Olympus Mons, largest volcano at Solar System, made. Oxygen levels briefly plummet (possibly).[14] 10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin. bacteriophage emerge c. divergence of prokaryotic & eukaryotic lineages. Columbia supercontinent. Possible traces of 24-isopropylcholestane from sponges.[20]

beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period

Supercontinent Columbia forms, 1 of whose fragments being Nena. Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy captured into orbit around Milky Way. Possibly multicellular red algae (eukaryotic).[21] Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[22] Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa & North China Block, making of Ghats Province at India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian).

Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period

Major increase in Stromatolite diversity as common bluegreen algae colonies & reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans & seas. Eukaryotes found in lakes.[23] Supercontinent of Rodinia done: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia & China blocks, largest global system yet made – surrounded by superocean Mirovia

beginning of Neoproterozoic era. Tonian period Copernican period.

1st dinoflagellate evolve; photosynthetic, several develop mixotrophic ways of ingesting prey. Thus, they now 1st predators, forcing acritarchs to defensive strategies. making of Gamburtsev mountain range & Vostok Subglacial Highlands. Keweenawan Rift buckles at south central part of North American plate – leaves behind big layers of rock that are exposed at Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa & Nebraska & makes rift valley where Lake Superior develops. On moon, emergence of impact craters possessing bright optically immature ray systems. Coming together of Rodinia supercontinent. Mercury changes into & is still desolate cold planet influenced by space erosion & solar wind extremes. Titan begins evolving recognizable surface features including rivers, lakes & deltas. Fossils of organisms with two kinds of cells (cellular differentiation).[24][25] 1st radiation of dinoflagellates & acritarchs – increase in defensive systems indicate acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates – decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to split. 1st vaucherian algae. Trace fossils of colonial Horodyskia (to c. 900 Ma).

Traces of sponge-like animals.[26][27][28][29] Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo & Kalahari on 1 side & Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African & Rio de la Plata cratons on other – formation of Adamastor Ocean. Terrestrial fungi.[30][31] 1st Protozoa appears: as creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba & Melanocyrillium evolve, 1st animal like cells now distinctive from plants – rise of herbivores at food chain. 1st Sponge like animal: similar to early colonial foraminiferan Horodyskia, earliest ancestors of Sponges were colonial cells circulating food using flagella to their gullet to be eaten. Kaigas formation occurs & was nonglacial. Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, Snowball Earth happens at least 3 times; Sturtian glaciation continues process begun during Kaigas – great ice sheets cover most of planet stunting evolution of animal and plant life – survival based on small pockets of heat under ice, volcanism on Venus practically stops

Complex metazoans amoeba introduce new complex body plan structure allowing for making complex internal & external structures. Worm trail impressions at China: since putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds are of uneven width & tapering makes biological origin difficult to defend – structures imply simple eating behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia is done: making of new superocean Panthalassa as previous Mirovia ocean bed closes. 1st Demosponges appear: form 1st skeletons of spicules made from spongin & silica – brightly coloured these colonial creatures filter feed since they lack nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Pannotia supercontinent forms, * bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland & Baltica. Accumulation of sky oxygen allows for formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land based life would have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to allow colonization of land. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs. HD 189733 b forms around parent HD 189733 and its first planet, revealing climate, organic parts, and even the colour (blue) of its atmosphere. End of Marinoan Glaciation: last major "snowball Earth" event as future ice ages will feature less overall ice coverage of planet. 1st Ediacaran type fossils.  – Charnia, frond like organism, 1st evolves. worm burrows & bilaterally symmetrical animals exist. Earliest arthropods & fungi.  – Dickinsonia, slow moving disc like creature, 1st appears – finding of fat molecules in tissues make that animal 1st confirmed true metazoan animal. mollusk Kimberella appears. Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[32] 1st possible comb jellies, sponges, corals, and anemones. Ayers Rock begins forming.

End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)

Small shelly fauna appear. Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, and Pikaia. First conodonts. First graptolites. Trilobites. Radiodonts, including earliest large predators known. All modern mineralized phyla present.[33] Bivalves. Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili.[34] Stifling hot "Dead Interval".[35] End-Botomian mass extinction. Paradoxides trilobites appear, largest members of Cambrian Trilobites. Earliest crustaceans. First great apex predator Anomalocaris dominates. Mountain building at the northern parts of Ireland and Britain, Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, east Greenland and north central Europe. Earliest brittle stars. First jawless fish – radiation of Thelodont fish into Silurian. Appalachian Mountains form. First fossils of plants on land.[36] Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. First eurypterids or "sea scorpions". Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago (Ordovician meteor event).[37] First crinoids evolve. Andean-Saharan glaciation. First starfish, jawed fish or Gnathostomata, horseshoe crabs sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish. Plants and arthropods colonize land.

Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)

Ordovician-Silurian extinction events. Great Glen Fault begins shaping Scottish Highlands. Earliest appearance of Cooksonia, the oldest known plant to have stems with vascular tissue and is thus the transitional form between primitive nonvascular bryophytes and vascular plants. First creature took a breath of air. First ray-finned fish and land scorpions. Prototaxites, tree-like organism, probably a fungus or lichen. First clear evidence of land animals (millipedes or scorpions).[36] First wood.[38][39] Cephalaspis, an iconic member of Osteostraci, appears, the most advanced of jawless fish. Its boney armor serves as a shield against Placoderms and as away to live at calcium-poor fresh water. First toothed fish and nautiloids. First of many modern groups, including tetrapods. Jaekelopterus, giant "sea scorpion". First amphibians, the Labyrinthodontia, the group that now includes reptiles and mammals. Archaeopteris (fern-like trees), Tiktaalik (lungfish) walks on land. Ichthyostega. Cladoselache, an early shark, first appears. First seeds., coelacanths. Kellwasser event. Vascular plants begin to make earliest stable soils on land. First crabs and ferns. large predatory lobe finned fish Hyneria evolves. Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[36] Beginning of Karoo Ice Age. Romer's gap in the tetrapod record.

Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)

First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish. Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.[36] Agaricocrinus americanus a representative of Crinoids appears as part of successful radiation of echinoderms. First amniotes evolve.<--330 Ma--> Millipedes up to 2.6 metres in length. First winged insects and reptiliomorphs such as Solenodonsaurus and Eogyrinus. Synapsids and then pelycosaurs (forerunners of mammals). First beetles. Reptiles. Hylonomus makes its first appearance as one of the oldest reptiles. Diplocaulus evolves at swamp regions having unusual boomerang like skull. First diapsids evolve; Meganeura giant dragonfly dominates skies. Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Last great period of mountain building sequences at Europe and North America because of the final suturing of Pangaea – Ural mountains are uplifted. Oldest known octopus. Dimetrodon evolves. Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian. Sirius, brightest star at Earth's sky, forms.

beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)

Cycads, seed ferns. First therapsids evolve. Oxygen in atmosphere peaks, around 30%.[36] Gorgonopsians and other therapsids (forerunners of mammals) displace pelycosaurs as dominant land animals. First gorgonopsia, apex predators of the Late Permian, evolve. End-Capitanian extinction event.[40] Cynodonts (forerunners of mammals). First warm-blooded animals.[41] Siberian Traps eruption and Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks.[42][43] 40 °C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Archosaurs: dominance of Suchians (forerunners of crocodilians). First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs. Cynodonts and rhynchosaurs diversify. First dinosaurs and teleosti evolve. First crocodilians and flies.. Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan impact structure formed. First lizards.

Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)

First redwoods. Long necked sauropods and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropods, evolve. Plateosaurus, evolves at Central and North Europe, Greenland and North America. Earliest elasmosauridae. Central Atlantic eruption and Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Oxygen in atmosphere hits low of about 12%.[36] First squamata evolve. Pliosaurs evolve, along with many groups of sea invertebrates. Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana at south and Laurasia at north. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs. Toarcian turnover (extinction). Gondwana breaks up.

1st stegosaurs. 1st salamanders & newts evolve. Cynodonts go extinct. 1st rays & Glycymerididae bivalves. 1st gliding mammal, volaticotherium, appears. 1st ceratopsians. Possible true polar wander moves east Asia south, leading to aridification.[44] Indian subcontinent splits from East Gondwana. 1st triconodonts. Stegosaurs & theropods diversify. 1st Pine trees. Juramaia sinensis, 1st known eutherian mammal. 1st birds (Archaeopteryx). Dinosaurs are dominant terrestrial animal. Small Magellanic Cloud passes through Large Magellanic Cloud.[45][46] 1st mantises. 1st orb weaver spiders evolve.

Laurasia & Gondwana begin to split as Atlantic Ocean forms. 1st anglerfish. Flowering plants. 1st Enantiornithes or "backward birds". Sinodelphys szalayi, 1st known marsupial, evolves at China. 1st ankylosauridae. Ontong Java eruption. 1st known snakes. Early-Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5 °C during 2 million years.[47] 1st known monotremes. Eomaia, similar to placental mammals. 1st hesperornithes.

Spinosaurus evolves. Supervolcano at east Australia sends particles to west coast.[48][49] Bees. Mammals diversify into many forms.[50] 1st modern species of palm trees appear. Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years),[51] extinction of ichthyosaurs. ticks evolve.

1st hadrosauridae. Dominance of angiosperm rosids. Australia splits from Antarctica. 1st ants. Rocky Mountains begin forming. 1st velociraptors. Multituberculates diversify. Mosasaurus evolves. Zealandia breaks away from Australia. Mosasaurs are dominant marine predator. Polaris forms.

start of Cenozoic era & Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)

Evidence for grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites). Tyrannosaurus rex evolves. 1st species of Triceratops. Quetzalcoatlus, 1 of largest flying animals ever, 1st appears. Crocodiles. Madagascar breaks away from India. Bolide makes Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event, (non-avian) dinosaurs die out. 1st creodonts. 1st penguins. Evolution of 1st primates & miacids. Flightless birds diversify. Mammals dominate. Titanoboa, largest known snake. Eritherium, 1st known proboscid. Lemurs. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Gastornis evolves. Indian subcontinent crashes to Asia, thrusting up Himalayas & Tibetan Plateau. Many modern bird groups appear. 1st whale ancestors. 1st rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls & mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify.

1st creodonts. 1st equid, Eohippus or Hyracotherium. 1st perching birds. 1st bats. Andes begin to rise. Africa crashes to Eurasia, closing Tethys Sea. Divergence of cats & dogs ancestors. Primates diversify. Brontotheres, tapirs & rhinos evolve. Azolla event shrinks carbon dioxide at sky. India crashes Asia, giving rise to Himalayas. 1st cetaceans, (whales) & simians. Whales return to water. Camels evolve at North America.

Age of Catarrhini parvorder; 1st canines evolve. Lepidoptera insects now recognizable. Gastornis goes extinct. Basilosaurus evolves. Primatess cross Atlantic to South America & now New World monkeys. 1st Nimravids. 1st elephant like animal, Moeritherium. Grasses common. 100 km Popigai impact structure at Siberia. Grasslands 1st appear. Glyptodonts, ground sloths, peccaries, dogs, eagles & hawks evolve. 2-mile (3.2 km) diameter bolide creates 90 km Chesapeake Bay impact crater.

Tasmanian Seaway & Drake Passage open, allowing making of Antarctic Circumpolar Current. 1st thylacinid marsupials evolve. Brontotheres go extinct. Pigs evolve. South America splits from Antarctica. Baleen whales appear. Gould Belt of stars created.[52] Alps begin to rise. 1st indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high. Paraceratherium evolves. 1st pelicans. Eruption of La Garita Caldera at Colorado, one of largest at Earth's history.

1st deer. Proailurus cats evolve. Pelagornis sandersi, largest known flying bird with wingspan of 6 or 7 meters. 1st hyenas. Puijila darwini, early pinniped. Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig"). Nimravids, "false sabretoothed cats", die out at America.

Dawn bear which is ancestor of bears. Giraffes & giant anteaters evolve. Sharp decrease at water exchange between Indian Ocean & Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Cooling & drying of climate at North America.[53] Pseudaelurus felid comes to America. age of Hominidae/Hylobatidae (great apes vs. gibbons) split.

hippopotamus evolves. 1st mastodons, bovids & kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify. Antarctica now mostly ice covered. Africa & Arabia crashes to Eurasia, end of Tethys Sea. Columbia River basalts. 1st deinotheres, similar to elephant but tusks on lower jaw. Nördlinger Ries impact crater. Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption. Hominidae split from gibbons.

Last of Adapiformes. Final closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Anoiapithecus, 1 of 1st hominids, at Spain. date for origin of Yangtze.

Olympic Mountains reach present height. Insects diversify. 1st large horses. Camels cross from North America to Asia. Rudapithecus, which was great ape probably bipedal.[54][55]

1st Gigantopithecus, ape almost 10 feet (3.0 m) tall. C4 grasses now common. Betelgeuse forms. Crocodiles cross Atlantic to America.[56]

Red pandas diversify. Greek ape, possibly ancestor of hominins. "Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows several human traits. 1st Thylacosmilus, sabre toothed marsupial of South America. Australopithecines diversify. Orrorin tugenensis, possible hominin. Apparent hominin footprints near Trachilos, on Crete.[57][58] Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event). age of Homo/Pan (genus) (human vs. chimp) split. Appearance of genus Ardipithecus.

Zanclean Deluge. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis. Colorado Plateau reaches present height, & course of Colorado River now close to present one. Divergence of polar bears & brown bears.[59] Possible date of 52 km Karakul crater at Tajikistan. mammoths appear.

1st Australopithecus afarensis, bipedal great ape. 1st zebras. Hominin fossil footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania.

Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.[60][61] Carbon dioxide levels like today for long period, giving Mid-Pliocene Warm Period temperatures 2° to 3°C higher than today, & sea level 20 meters higher.[62] Human line loses fur.[63] Isthmus of Panama connects South & Central America. Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons & camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, & opossums move north. Lucy. 1st Megatherium americanum, giant sloth.

Homo habilis appears. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including megalodon,[64] possibly caused by supernova or supernovas of Scorpius–Centaurus association, which put ⁶⁰Fe on Earth.[65][66] Paranthropus evolves. Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia. Possible tool use at Sivalik Hills, India.[67][68][69] Start of ice age, aka Quaternary glaciation, impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4 km in diameter) at Pacific. Stone artifacts at Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) at China.[70] (see also Wushan Man) Amazon River takes present shape.

Island Park Caldera at Wyoming and Idaho. basin of Congo River acquires present shape. Homo erectus appears. Dmanisi Man (Homo erectus georgicus) at Dmanisi, Georgia & at Xiaochangliang, China. Human like Australopithecus sediba. Homo ergaster at Africa. 1st signs of Acheulian culture, at Kenya. Last known terror birds.

Australopithecines go extinct. Out of Africa I travel by Homo erectus. 1st true hand axes. Homo erectus found at Europe.

Henry's Fork Caldera at Idaho erupts. Homo antecessor evolves. Paranthropus dies out.

Stone artifacts on Flores, Indonesia, made by hominins.[71] This required crossing seas at least 19 km wide.[72] Possible evidence of cooking by fire.[73][74] 14 km Zhamanshin Crater made at Kazakhstan. Hominin footprints & tools at England.

Species of early humans found at Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus & Homo sapiens.[75][76] Australasian strewnfield. Evidence of use of fire[77] & olives, acornss, & other plant based foods,[78][79] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine. Brunhes–Matuyama reversal. Hominins present at Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of Flores man.[80][81] oldest archaic hominins splitting from modern human lineage found to have inserted into SubSaharan population genome Homo floresiensis like humans on Flores, Indonesia.[82][83]

Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America. Homo antecessor at Spain. Homo heidelbergensis evolves. Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.[84]

Stone points possibly for spears used by Homo heidelbergensis at South Africa. 1st brown bears. Etching on shell at Trinil at East Java, done by Homo erectus.[85] Homo heidelbergensis at Germany, France, & Greece. Oldest known spear, at Clacton-on-Sea.[86]

Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) & Venus of Berekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC). 1st appearance of proto Neanderthal traits. Sima de los Huesos hominins at Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87] 1st known homicide victim was dropped into a cave.[88] Weald–Artois Anticline burst by big glacial lake outburst flood, making valley under Strait of Dover.[89] Hominin footprints at Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo).

1st known Middle Stone Age tools. Long distance movement of obsidian.[90][91][92] Several at Olorgesailie at south Kenya undergo tech improvements at tool making & engage at long distance trade. date of appearance of Homo sapiens at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Schöningen Spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92] Evidence for use of fire to pre treat stone for making blades, at Qesem cave at Palestine.[94][95] 1st known Homo sapiens at Adrar Ighud in Morocco. Stone tools at Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96]>[97] Geminga supernova.

Jinniushan woman near Korea, her traits between Homo erectus & Homo sapiens. Dali Man at China, with several features of Homo sapiens.[98][99] Homo naledi skeletons at Rising Star cave system, South Africa, & evidence of deliberate entombing of dead.[100][101] time of Y-chromosomal Adam.[102][103] 1st appearance of Homo neanderthalensis based on evidence of Saccopastore skulls. Homo sapiens Omo remains at Ethiopia. Primitive Beds made of ash & grass.[104] Strait of Dover made. Great Britain (possibly) now island for 1st time.[89] Apparent date of stone tools at Hueyatlaco site at Mexico.

Homo sapiens at Greece.[105][106] Homo sapiens at Misliya cave at Palestine.[107][108]

Underground circular piles of stalagmites built by Neanderthals.[109][110] humans are wearing clothes by this date. Use of ochre, fine lithic blades & seafood at Pinnacle Point, SA.[111] Clear evidence of roasting of plant-based food (rhizomes of Hypoxis).[112][113] humans diet grows to include marine resources Homo sapiens idaltu. Denisovans at Tibet.[114][115] Start of Mousterian culture. Peopling of Africa: Khoisan split, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0. time of Mitochondrial Eve.

1st evidence of seafaring, based on human artifacts at Crete. Appearance of fullblown Neanderthal traits. Stone tools at Crete (40 km from nearest neighboring land).[116] Signs of early humans at California.[117][118] Sangoan culture. Neanderthals make ornaments from eagle claws.[119][120] usually hotter during Eemian interglacial than Holocene. Sea levels 5 to 10 meters above current level.[121] Evidence of humans at southwest Victoria, Australia.[122] 1st evidence of Symbolic culture etched onto bone. Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.[123] Tools, including bone point probably made from sperm whale tooth, used at Morocco for changing leather & fur.[124][125] Tools used at Talepu site at Sulawesi.[126][127] Shell jewelry at Spain, apparently made by Neanderthals.[128][129] Jawbone with modern human chin at Guangxi Province.[99]

Last evidence of Homo erectus.[130] Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel. Abbassia Pluvial. Denisovan art that's parallel lines.[131][132] Humans with modern teeth at China Fuyan Cave, between 80 and 120 ka ago.[133][99] Paint made at Blombos Cave.[134] Khoisanid backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa. 1st structures at world, sandstone blocks set at semicircle with oval foundation, built at Egypt near Wadi Halfa near Egypt–Sudan border. Meter high Flores Man on island of Flores, Indonesia. Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Israel.

Homo sapiens by lake at Nafūd desert of Arabia.[135][136][97] Shell beads at Taforalt Caves, Morocco. Recent African origin: Southern Dispersal of SubSaharan Africans & nonAfricans. Use of insecticide Cape laurel at beds at Sibudu Cave at South Africa.[137] Tools made at Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens. Abstract designs put on ochre & pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave at South Africa. Use of glue at Sibudu Cave. Arrowhead like projectile points[138] & possibly poisoned arrows.[139][140]

Supervolcano Toba eruption at Indonesia, covering south Asia with ash & starting c. 1,000 year ice age. Evidence of Aboriginal Australians Culture. Cave art at Spain, by either Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.[105][128][141] Humans at Northern Territory, Australia.[142][143] Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians. Homo luzonensis at Philippines.[144][145] Sewing needle like implement used at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[138] Painted ostrich eggs at Diepkloof Rock Shelter. Circular structure of posts near Poitiers, built by Neanderthals.[146] Neanderthals reenter Britain.[89]

Skeleton of Neanderthal at Iraq who lived 10 to 15 years after losing forearm.[92] Remains of string in France.[147][148] 1st sewing needle found. Made & used by Denisovans. Mousterian Pluvial at N. Africa. Sahara desert is wet & fertile. Late Stone Age start at Africa. Australia starts to become largely desert, maybe due to man.[149] 1st known depiction of animals (warty pigs, on Sulawesi).[150][151] Early European modern humans. Châtelperronian cultures at France.

Mungo Man at Australia. Homo sapiens at Bacho Kiro cave at Bulgaria.[152][153] 1st painted story, at Sulawesi.[154][155] Needles & sewing. Cro-Magnons at France, Britain, & Italy. Neanderthal Divje Babe flute part of prehistoric music. Mining of hematite at Lion Cave at Swaziland. Deep sea fishing of tuna.[156][157] Brief geomagnetic Laschamp Excursion. 50 meter diameter asteroid makes 1.2 km Meteor Crater at Arizona. Humans at Tianyuan Cave, China.[158][159] Denisova hominin lives at Altai Mountains. Aterian tool making Tools made from animal bone, hematite, & other stones Foot bones seem to indicate wearing of shoes. Ash from big Campanian Ignimbrite eruption splits Middle Paleolithic from Upper Paleolithic cultures. Neanderthals disappear. Start of Aurignacian culture. Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels, Dyed flax fibers at Georgia.

Exchange of ostrich eggshell beads over hundreds of kilometers.[160][92] Oldest known skull of dog (Siberia), having wolf like teeth.[161] 1st evidence of humanoids at Ireland. Oats made into flour.[162][163] Human presence at Japan. Löwenmensch figurine ivory sculpture. Chauvet Cave paintings. Successful surgical amputation (Borneo).[164][165] Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 24490 BC). Stone mortar and pestle used to grind fern & cattail tubers.[166][167] Boomerang made from mammoth tusk at Poland.[168] Avian figurine in ivory and stone phallus of Hohler Fels.[169] 1st settlements made by Aboriginal Australians at Sydney, Perth & Melbourne. 1st known ritual cremation, Mungo Lady, at Lake Mungo, Australia. rock paintings tradition start at Bhimbetka rock shelters at India, which presently as collection is densest known concentration of rock art. In area c. 10 km², c. 800 rock shelters where c. 500 have paintings. Venus of Dolní Věstonice (1st known ceramic). 1st ovens. New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia. Impression of rope on fired clay.[170] End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian.

1st known twisted rope. Harpoons & saws made. Imprint of woven cloth at clay (Czech Republic). Venus of Lespugue (ivory sculpture). 1st known spear thrower or atlatl. Humans present at Mexico.[171][172][173] Oruanui eruption at New Zealand. people use natural fiber to make baby carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, & nets. Venus of Brassempouy (carving of face). hamlet having huts built of rocks & mammoth bones made at Dolní Věstonice at Moravia. Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site) is 1st human permanent settlement that has been found by archaeologists. Lapedo child having mixture of Neanderthal & sapiens features at Abrigo do Lagar Velho Portugal. cave bear is maybe now extinct. Evidence suggests humans living at Alaska & Yukon, North America.

End of Gravettian culture, start of Solutrean. artifacts suggest early humans did live at Canberra. Ishango Bone, thought by several to be tally stick which intentionally or unintentionally may give prime number sequence. 1.9 km Tenoumer crater at Mauritania. Human footprints at New Mexico (White Sands National Park).[174] Apparent stone tools used at Brazil (Toca da Tira Peia).[175][176] 1st clear evidence of building (homes),[177] Kebaran culture at Levant: start of Epipalaeolithic in the Levant. theorized 1st date of making of traditional Inuit clothing. Khoisanid travel to Central Africa. remains of mud huts at Ohalo, by Sea of Galilee. Pottery sherds at Xianren Cave. date of artifacts found on Cactus Hill at Virginia.[178]

Though guesses vary widely, believed by scholars Afro-Asiatic was spoken as single language c. period. Vanishing of Solutrean. Start of Magdalenian culture. Clay figurines of animals.[179] Lascaux cave paintings & 7mm diameter rope. Wisent (European bison) sculpted at clay inside cave aka Le Tuc d'Audoubert at French Pyrenees near France–Spain border. Minatogawa Man at Okinawa. Stone tools at Buttermilk Creek Complex at Texas. 1st supposed date for domestication of pig. 1st known burial of dog alongside humans.[180][181] Evidence of massacre at Cemetery 117. Older Dryas cold spell. Most recent glaciation slowly ends. Sea level rises 30 meters in few hundred years (Meltwater pulse 1A). Start of African humid period. Start of Natufian culture at Levant. Flatbread (at Jordan).[182][183]

1st evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture). Clovis culture at Americas. Tooth drilling & Dental filling at Italy.[184][185] 1st date given for domestication of sheep. Outburst of water from Lake Agassiz or Younger Dryas impact event causes Younger Dryas cold spell. Grain harvesting along Nile, grain grinding culture makes 1st ever stone sickle Australian aborigine type people at Brazil (Serra da Capivara National Park).[186] Meltwater pulse 1B causes 7.5 meter rise at sea level. Quaternary extinction event of large animals. Many ice age megafauna go extinct, i.e. megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, & last of sabre-toothed cats. mammoth goes extinct at Eurasia & North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC. Natufian Shaman burial[187] and earliest known banquet.[188] Vela Supernova Remnant only 800 light-years away. Spartel flooded. Arrow shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture at Levant. Eruptions at Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward & Nile, diverting water to Lake Tanganyika, Nile total length is shortened & Lake Tanganyika's surface is grown. 1st date given for domestication of goat. Göbekli Tepe (temple like site of megalithic monuments & art). Lime. 1st known mummy, Spirit Cave mummy at Nevada. Neolithic Revolution (agriculture start, domestication of animals). 1st layers of Jericho 1st known monument building (stone tower 8 m high). 1st naturalistic life sized sculpture of human, at Upper Mesopotamia. Domestication allow humans to live at 1 place, civilization.

Copper pendant at Iraq. Toothpicks & birch bark chewing gum. Giant short faced bears & giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct at North America. native americans at Southwestern United States, begin their Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era. Leading to art styles at pottery & basketmaking still used at region. & early structures at Pueblo architecture style, i.e. several of those at Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Byblos appears to be settled during PPNB. Neolithic remains of several buildings at site. Sea rises about 20 m at 9th millennium BCE. Start of inex series of solar eclipses every 29 years, unbroken till present. Cannabis at Oki Islands.[189][190] Bas relief of dancing at Nevalı Çori.[191] Possible lunar time reckoner at Warren Field at Aberdeenshire.[192] Migration of people to Nile, making more centralized society & civilized farm economy. 1st supposed date for domestication of cattle. At north Mesopotamia, farming of barley & wheat start. 1st used for beer, gruel, & soup, eventually for bread. At agriculture at that time, planting stick is used, but replaced by plow at later centuries. C. that time, round stone tower, now preserved to c. 8.5 metres (28 ft) high & 8.5 metres (28 ft) diameter is built at Jericho. post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing submersion of landmasses taking place over previous 10,000 years. Identical ancestors point: then lived latest subgroup of human population having those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, rest having no present day descendants. Dog sleds used at Arctic.[193][194] 1st given date for domestication of the cat. 1st human settlement at Amman; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built as it'sover 15 hectares (37 acres). 1st cloth found (Çayönü). Dentistry. Alcoholic beverage (at China).[195] Mead. Small stone circle at Atlit Yam, Palestine. Farming of animals & cereal at east Sahara. at Nabta Playa deep year round water wells dug, & big organized settlements made at planned arrangements.

Jiahu culture start. 1st large scale fish fermentation at south Sweden. Human settlement of Mehrgarh, 1 of 1st sites with evidence of farming at South Asia. At April 2006, researchers found 1st evidence for drilling of human teeth at vivo (at living person) at Mehrgarh. 8.2-kiloyear event: sudden fall of global temperatures, maybe caused by final downing of Laurentide Ice Sheet, causing drier conditions at East Africa & Mesopotamia. Trepanation. Lake Agassiz largely empties into Hudson Bay. Tell Ramad suburb of Damascus maybe occupied. Finse event, 300 year cold spell. Storegga tsunami. Doggerland flooded, cutting off Great Britain. Meltwater pulse 1C causes 6.5 meter rise at sea level. Mount Etna causes tsunami, maybe ending Atlit Yam settlement (Palestine). Possible evidence of beer making at Göbekli Tepe.[191] lead smelting, pottery & finger rings at Çatalhöyük. Rock painting of collecting honey (Spain). Opium. Wine[196] & beer. Rudimentary ships (rowed, single sailed) painted at Egyptian rock art Cheesemaking (Poland). Sea rises 15 to 20 m at 6th millennium BCE. Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures slightly warmer than at recent past. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Domestication of the horse. Pottery changed by potter's wheel. Evidence of homes at Aleppo. Vinča culture. Għar Dalam phase on Malta. 1st farm settlements on island. 1st known smelting of copper (Serbia). Stone roofed subterranean chambers & other subterranean complexes at Nabta Playa having buried sacrificed cattle. 1st ritual landscapes, mustatils at Arabia. Alleged Archaeoastronomy stone megalith at Nabta Playa.

1st wrought gold known, at Varna necropolis. 1st bronze. Megaliths spread through Europe. Last mastodons. Arsenical bronze. Copper Age. Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum. Akahoya eruption makes Kikai Caldera & ends 1st homogeneous Jomon culture. When Jomon culture recovers, Jomon shows regional differences. Towns having thousands of houses, at Tripolye culture (Moldova & Ukraine). 5.9 kiloyear event. Żebbuġ, Malta. Susa is a center of pottery making. Beaker (archaeology) from Susa is made. now at Musée du Louvre. 1st neolithic settlers at (Santorini). Funnelbeaker culture. Vietnam Bronze Age culture. Đồng Đậu Culture, made many wealthy bronze objects. "People and animals", detail of rock shelter painting at El Cogul, Lleida, Spain, are painted. now at Archaeology Museum of Catalonia. Civilizations develop at Mesopotamia. 1st given dates for domestication of the horse & domestication of the chicken, invention of potter's wheel. Creation according to John Lightfoot based on Old Testament & often linked with Ussher chronology. Post Track & Sweet Track roadways. Mġarr phase transitional period at Malta. labelled by pottery having mainly curved lines. Since Middle Ages (12th century), Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of year of creation from Hebrew Masoretic text of bible. calendar is used within Jewish communities. calendar's epoch, corresponding to calculated date of world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on October 6, 3761 BC. Maykop culture of Caucasus, is candidate for origin of Bronze production & thus Bronze Age. mass graves at Tell Brak at Syria. Silver mining. Neolithic Chinese settlements. They made silk & pottery (chiefly Yangshao culture & Longshan culture), wore hemp clothing & domesticated pigs & dogs. Gerzean tomb making, i.e. underground rooms & burial of furniture & amulets. Invention of wheel. At Colombia, 1st rupestrian art at Chiribiquete Caquetá Department. Evidence of maize domestication appear at Valley of Tehuacán. Making of 1st temple within Mnajdra solar temple complex, having furniture such as stone benches & tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions. Making of Ta' Ħaġrat Temples & Kordin III temples. Ġgantija at Malta. Labelled by change at way people of Malta lived. Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed at war, maybe by Uruk. Figures of a man & a woman, from Cernavodă, Romania, are made. now at National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest.

Mound building start at North America. Senet, world's 1st confirmed board game. Uruk period. 1st evidence of mummification at Egypt. 1st known depiction of wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot). Predynastic Egypt pharaohs Tiu (pharaoh), Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro (pharaoh), King Scorpion, Narmer. 1st conjectured date for still undeciphered Indus script. Jar having boat designs, from Hierakonpolis (today at Brooklyn Museum) is made. Afanasevo culture: Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan at late Copper Age & early Bronze Age. wheeled carts & White Temple ziggurat. Waun Mawn is built at west Wales. donkey domestication & (meteoric) iron works at egypt. Ötzi the Iceman. Bronze Age start at Near East. Newgrange is built at Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built at Orkney, Scotland. Hakra Phase of Indus Valley civilisation start. 1st to 4th dynasty of Kish (Sumer). Sumerian temple of Janna at Eridu made. Temple at Al Ubaidi & tomb of Meskalamdug built near Ur. Dams, canals & stone sculptures made using inclined plane & lever at Sumer. Urkesh, north Syria founded maybe by Hurrians. Courtyard is introduced to Mesopotamia. Garth tsunami at Northern Isles. Ochre Coloured Pottery culture. Enoch (ancestor of Noah) lived at time, if he was real. Double reed instruments & lyres (see Music of Egypt) Harappan script is made at Indus Valley. Pictographs at Uruk. Red Temple, 1st phase of Monte d'Accoddi sanctuary at Northwest Sardinia, is built. Face of a woman, from Uruk made. now at Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Evidence of proto Thracians or proto Dacians at period. Proto Dacian or Proto Thracian people came from mix of indigenous peoples & IndoEuropeans from time of Proto IndoEuropean expansion Krishna was born at Mathura. Liangzhu culture. Norte Chico civilization, 1st known civilization at Americas. Cycladic culture at Aegean islands of Greece. Piora Oscillation causing redesertification of Sahara. Helladic period at mainland Greece. Saflieni phase at Malta. Making of 3 megalithic temples at Tarxien. Ozieri culture. Making of Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex, having both solar & lunar alignments. Yamna culture, made by Proto-Indo-Europeans. reign of Double Falcon of Lower Egypt. strong chance he appears on Palermo stone, but half his name is chipped away. At Upper Egypt Thinis annexes Naqada. Iry-Hor reigns from Abydos, Egypt over most of Egypt. lesser Tollmann's hypothetical bolide event maybe occurred. reign of Ka (pharaoh). Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is wooden wheel found at Ljubljana Marsh at Slovenia. 1 version of Mayan calendar aka Mesoamerican Long Count, uses epoch of August 11 or 13, 3114 BC. Mayan Long Count calendar 1st used c. 236 BC. start of reign of Narmer, 1st pharaoh to unify Egypt & founder of First Dynasty of Egypt. According to calculations of Aryabhata, Hinduism Kali Yuga began at midnight on February 18, 3102 BC. 1st chairs[197] (Egypt). Narmer Palette. Sails used at Nile. Mastabas, the predecessors of Egyptian pyramids. Harps & flutes played at Egypt. Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) Neolithic homes at Skara Brae at Orkney Islands, Scotland, inhabited. Horus was the main god worshiped at Upper Egypt, Neith was the main god worshiped at Lower Egypt. Polo was 1st played at Manipur. Anu Ziggurat & White Temple are built at Uruk. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes as he rules new country from Memphis. oldest currently living nonclonal organism germinated at Grove of Ancients. Old Dilmun period. image of deity (detail from Cong (jade)) from Tomb 12 at Fanshan, Cangnan County made during Neolithic period by Liangzhu culture. now kept at Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou. 1st remains from Aniba (Nubia). intense phase of burial at Duma na nGiall on Hill of Tara, the ancient seat of High King of Ireland. Jawa, Jordan is founded along with world's 1st known dam. Phonetic writing start at Sumer (Cuneiform), Egypt (Egyptian hieroglyphs), & Elam, triggering start of recorded history. Invention of toilet & sewerage (Indus civilization & Skara Brae). Copper used both as tools & weapons. 1st pottery at Colombia at Puerto Hormiga archaeological site, Magdalena Department, thought 1 of 1st pottery of New World. 1st settlement at Puerto Badel, Bolívar Department). Sydney rock engravings. Knowledge of Near East grains appears at China. Tin used at Mesopotamia. Watercraft from Denmark are made; now at National Museum, Copenhagen. Growth of advanced, urbanized civilizations, new bronze metallurgy increasing output of farms work & highly developed ways of communication through writing, as all 3 trends both intellectually & physically, now source of contention on political stage. Along came 1st monuments, 1st imperialism, 1st organized absolutism & 1st internal revolutions. Reign of First Dynasty of Egypt pharaoh, Semerkhet, whose name marks 1st definitive use of a Nebty name. Troy is founded on date (assuming interpretation of Manfred Korfmann is followed). 1st Mariote Kingdom created. Wire. Votive statues from Square Temple of Eshnunna Tell Ashmar, Iraq were made. 1 of them is now at Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932 through 1933. Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia). Mesopotamia Wars of Early Dynastic period. 2nd Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Hotepsekhemwy. Akkadian language names are recorded c. time period. Estimated germination of Prometheus (tree), previously thought to be world's oldest living organism until cut down. Rise of Văn Lang Kingdom & Hồng Bàng dynasty at north Vietnam. 365-day calendar year was made at Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days. Egyptian 2nd Dynasty Prince Raneb lifetime. Saqqara Tomb A making started. Start of Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Balearic cave goat now extinct. Maybe asteroid/comet impact occurring between Africa & Antarctica c. solar eclipse, based on an analysis of flood stories. Possibly causing Burckle crater & Fenambosy Chevron. Soap like thing made at Babylon.[198] Creation of Mari, Syria. Harp Player, from Keros, Cyclades, was made. now at Metropolitan Museum of Art. Bell Beaker culture at Europe. 2nd Dynasty wars at Egypt. Cucuteni-Trypillian culture at Romania, Moldova & southwest Ukraine. city of Tyre is created according to Herodotus. Old Elamite. Supposed start of mythical reign of legendary Yellow Emperor. Pyramids of Egypt. Indus civilization, Ur. 3rd Dynasty of Egypt, consisting of reigns of Djoser,Sekhemkhet, Sanakht (Nebka), Khaba & Huni. Start of Old Kingdom of Egypt. Reign of pharaoh Sneferu & his vizier Nefermaat. Sneferu leads campaign at Nubia & returns with c. 7,000 prisoners, who he'd employ as servants at royal estates. Sneferu then goes to Libya which brings c. 11,000 prisoners & c. 13,100 heads of cattle. Sneferu sends 40 ships to Byblos for retrieval of cedar wood for making of ships. Under Sneferu's reign & his son Khufu's, copper mines & turquoise quarries were made at Sinai Peninsula. tomb of Hetepheres I, wife of Sneferu & mom of Khufu, shows cabinetry & jewelry are well developed. depiction of plowing painted at tomb of Itet & Nefermaat at Meidum is 1st evidence of technique at Africa. Reservoirs, script, metals & pottery used at city of Dholavira at Indus Valley. 4th Dynasty of Egypt. Founding of Chalcolithic Iberian societies of Los Millares & Vila Nova de São Pedro. Unified Indus Valley civilisation. Reign of Akalamdug, king of Ur. Instructions of Shuruppak, 1st known literary books, are created at Adab (city), Shuruppak & Abu Salabikh. Dominion of 1st Dynasty of Ur. Royal Cemetery at Ur is made. Statues of known persons. Reigns of Uhub, king of Kish (Sumer), & En-hegal, king of Lagash. Reign of Mesannepada, king of Ur. city, which had only 4,000 citizens at the time, would become large capital during 40 years of Mesannepada's reign. opulence was brought about by commercial activity: Ur's south river port directed Mesopotamian trade along Persian Gulf shores. Reign of Khufu. height of Old Kingdom happens under reigns of Khufu, Khafre & Menkaure. Khufu has Great Pyramid of Giza built. During reign, solar religion of Ra prevails, as evidenced by Khufu ship. His successor, Djedefre, is 1st pharaoh to call himself by epithet "Son of Ra". pharaoh's divine filiation self asserts at 4th Dynasty: royal title is definitively fixed containing 5th royal name preceded by title "Son of Ra". Reign of Mesilim, king of Kish. He was apparent suzerain over Lagash king Luga-shag-engur & Adab king Nin-kisalsi. conflict between Lagash & neighboring Umma begins over fields claimed by each party. An initial crisis is settled by Mesilim having bias to Lagash. Mesannepada, who already dominated city of Nippur, takes advantage of trouble at Kish (caused by incursion by Elamites of Awan) to seize city. He's now ruler of all of Lower Mesopotamia as he's now king of Kish & his name appears on pearl at Mari. Reign of A'annepada, king of Ur. Reign of Khafre. Pyramid of Khafre & Great Sphinx of Giza, monument of either Khafre or Khufu with lion's body are built. Stonehenge. Camel domesticated at Bactria & Arabia. Austronesian peoples from Formosa colonize Luzon at north Philippines. country of Assyria is created. Cylinder seal from Sumer & impression are made. now at Metropolitan Museum of Art. making of Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, subterranean temples later used as necropolis. sculpture Khafre Enthroned is made. People at Peru rely on fish & mussels for food. Ebla tablets are sorted at city of Ebla, Syria. Discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae & his team, Ebla tablets are thought to be 1st, inactive library. Incised panel Frying pan (NAMA 4974), from Syros, Cyclades is made; now at National Archaeological Museum, Athens. 2 figures of women, from Cyclades, are made; now at Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens.

world's last existing mammoth population, on Wrangel Island at Arctic Ocean, goes extinct. 5th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Userkaf. "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, 5th Dynasty. now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Seated Scribe, a sculpture at Saqqara, 5th Dynasty of Egypt is made. now at Louvre. Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats Babylonian king Bel (legendary tale). Traditional date for legendary creation of Armenia by Hayk. Golden age of Ur. Kish (Sumer) is lost to Hamazi tribesmen of Kurdistan mts; Elam under Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. kings at Sumer cease to be immediately high priests of the city deity. Infiltration & conquest of Mesopotamia by Semitic speaking peoples start begins. large painted jar with birds at border made at Indus River Valley civilization & now at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 6th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Teti. Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer, Mari, Syria, & Ebla. Courier services at Egypt. Akkadian Empire. Maize farms at Mexico. dromedary camel domesticated. Akkad sacked by Gutians. Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from Catacomb culture, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian. First Intermediate Period of Egypt 7th & 8th Dynasty of Egypt. 9th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe. 10th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor. 4.2 kiloyear event which was drought maybe causing downing of Old Kingdom of Egypt & Akkadian Empire. Fall of Akkad (city). Gilgamesh 11th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I code of Ur-Nammu. Maybe time of Great Flood (China) & Yu the Great. Xia dynasty. chariot emerges at Eurasian steppe which is important since warrior tribes at steppe or near steppe will use chariot to defeat civilizations like Indus Valley. Argaric culture at Spain. Farming starts at Kentucky, Eastern Agricultural Complex [199] Currently undeciphered Minoan script Linear A & Cypro-Minoan script grown on Crete & Cyprus. Bahr Yussef canal. Minoan Crete. Hammurabi. Avellino eruption of Vesuvius. Plimpton 322 tablet linking to Pythagorean triples. Calculation of square root of 2 at Babylon.[200] Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, implying approximation of pi (as ${\displaystyle 3{\tfrac {13}{81}}}$). Last mammoths. Minoan eruption. Hollow glassware.[201] Surgical & medical papyri at Egypt. Cannabis found at Turkmens shrine.[202] Kassite dynasty.

Akhenaten. Thebas capital of Egypt. Rigveda and Bhagavad Gita composed. Tutankhamun. Shang dynasty. Olmec civilization. Ugarit gold age. Hittites. Mycenaean Greece, has 1st deciphered writing at Europe. Babylonian-Assyrian War of 1235 BC. Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty. Oracle bone script made, which has 1st written records at Old Chinese. Ramesses II. Phrygia greek polis formed. Trojan war, Late Bronze Age collapse. Hekla 3 eruption. Pyongyang founded. Alphabet writing aka Phoenician alphabet spreads around Mediterranean. Start of Zhou Dynasty. David & Solomon.Shalmaneser III Apiculture. Tamil-Brahmi script invented.

Neo-Assyrian Empire. Zarathustra (Zoroaster), Homer, Carthage founded, First recorded solar eclipse. Spring and Autumn period. Hesiod. Rome founded. King Uzziah makes weapon like ballista or trebuchet. Fall of Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) & Kingdom of Judah. Battle of Nineveh (612 BC). 1st coins. Greek and Demotic scripts invented. Library of Ashurbanipal Solon's reforms. Printing paper in China, Temple of Zeus, Siege of Tyre (586-573 BC). Cyrus the Great, Kǒng Fūzǐ (Confucius). High THC cannabis used at Xinjiang.[203] Gautama Buddha, Theory of the 4 humors. Pythagoras. Rudimentary Athenian democracy. Greco-Persian Wars, Twelve tables of roman law. Mo Tzu (Micius). First Olympiad. Peloponnesian War. Kao Gong Ji, 1st known technical encyclopedia. Etruscan civilization, Iberian civilization, Socrates, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle. Helike sinks beneath waves. Alexander the Great, Euclid. Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom. Gallic invasion of the Balkans. Library of Alexandria. Ashoka the Great. Archimedes screw. Maya script only known full writing system grown at Americas emerges. Punic Wars end with razing of Carthage. 1st deciphered written records at South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan). Qin Dynasty.

Roman Warm Period. Han Dynasty. Shunga Empire in Pataliputra. Mithridates the Great massacres c. 100,000 Romans, sparking Mithridatic Wars. Paper money in China. Lucius cornellius Sulla. Cicero. Pompey. Julius Caesar. First and Second triumvirate. Tigranes. Gaul conquest. Egyptian absorved by the Roman empire. Roman Empire, Yeshua (Jesus). Paul of Tarsus.Zero invented in mesoamerican calculus First Jewish–Roman War & destruction of Jerusalem. Steam engine invented by egyptians. Boudican revolt. Nerva-Antonine dynasty rules roma. Pompeii volcanic eruption. Trajan's Dacian Wars. Spread of Buddhism. Lions now extinct at west Europe. Seismometer invented. 115 Antioch earthquake, Hadrian's Wall. Second Jewish–Roman War. Kanishka the Great & Kushan Empire. Antonine Plague, Christianity, Gnosticism, Mithraism Yellow Turban Rebellion.

Reign of Roman emperor Caracalla. Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men. Han Dynasty ends with Three Kingdoms forming in China. Ardashir I of Sassanid dynasty conquers Parthian empire at Battle of Hormozdgan. Zhuge Liang dies of illness at Battle of Wuzhang Plains. Crisis of the Third Century in Roman Empire due to Emperor Severus Alexander being assassinated. Kingdom of Hatra dissolved after Fall of Hatra to Persia. Manichaeism Plague of Cyprian. Jin Dynasty. Diocletian. Constantine. Axumite Empire adopts Christianity, conquers Meroë and the Kingdom of Kush. 365 Crete earthquake. Roman Empire splits. Tiwanaku. Classic Maya civilization. Byzantine Empire, East frontier of Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans & Vandals cross the frozen Rhine & enter Gaul. Attila the Hun, Constantine III leads many Roman military units from Britain to Gaul & occupies Arles (Arelate). generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Great Britain. Rome ransacked by Visigoths under King Alaric I. Suebi form first independent Christian kingdom of western Europe in Gallaecia. Augustine of Hippo begins to write The City of God. Jin dynasty ended by Liu Yu of Song. Northern and Southern dynasties in China. First Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical council upholds title Theotokos or "mother of God", for Mary. Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and do away with Hunnic domination . Vandals sack Rome. Chichen Itza founded at Mexico. Saint Patrick, King Arthur (debatable). Teotihuacán. Dengizich, last Khan rules Hunnic Empire. Riothamus, King of Britons, helps the Romans against the Visigoths. Roman Empire falls due to deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer. Chan Buddhists found the Shaolin Monastery on Mount Song in Henan, China. Clovis I now King of Western Franks upon the death of Childeric I. King Clovis I defeats & subjugates the Kingdom of Thuringia at Germany. King Kaleb of Axum conquers Jewish Himyarite Kingdom for persecuting Christians. Nika riots. Climate changes of 535-536. Plague of Justinian. Beginning of Late Antique Little Ice Age.

Tang dynasty. Sasanids temporarily conquer Egypt. Muhammad. Muslims capture Ctesiphon, largest city in world. Alexandria falls to the Muslims. Khazar khaganate. Beginning of Turkic expansion. Greek fire invented. Taihō Code Arabs invade Hispania. Siege of Constantinople (717–718). Battle of Poitiers. Tang Census. Paper introduced to the Arab Donation of Pepin. 774–775 carbon-14 spike.[204] Charlemagne. Gunpowder invented. Treaty of Verdun. Al-Kindi. Kievan Rus'. Byzantine-Bulgarian wars. Hungary . Vikings.

Beowulf composed. Gujarat conquers Bengal. Saeculum obscurum, or "Rule of the Harlots" period of the papacy. Byzantine Empire conquers Aleppo. Otto the Great. Ghaznavids rebellion. Harald Bluetooth unites much of Scandinavia. Bjarni Herjólfsson sights North America. Leifr Eiriksson goes there (Vinland). Medieval Warm Period. Song Dynasty. Ibn Sina. Canon medicine by avicenna. Reform of Pope Gregory VII. East-West Schism. Height of Kievan Rus' and Fatimid Caliphate, decline of Byzantine Empire. Norman Conquest. Battle of Manzikert. University of Bologne founded. First Crusade.

Crusades. Purgatory theory. Height of Khmer Empire. Bombard invented in China. Genghis Khan. Magna Carta. Codex Gigas. Francis of Assisi. Mount Rinjani on Lombok erupts, causing global cooling and failed harvests. Siege of Baghdad (1258) by the Mongols. Mamluks defeat Mongol army of Hulagu Khan (under Kitbuqa) in the Battle of Ain Jalut — first known use of hand cannon. Golden Horde. Thomas Aquinas. Cannon. Dante Alighieri. Yuan Dynasty. Marco Polo. Ottoman Empire. Islam arrives to Indonesia. Petrarch. Eyeglasses invented. Great Famine of 1315–1317 and beginning of the crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Chola dynasty

Tenochtitlan founded. Beginning of Hundred Years' War. Black Death marks the beginning of the Second plague pandemic. Red Turban Rebellions. Nagarakretagama written. Papal Schism of the Catholic Church. Chaucer. Beginning of Ming Dynasty. Hwacha multiple rocket launcher. Zheng He. Ming treasure voyages. Forbidden City. Beginning of the Renaissance. Battle of Grunwald. Battle of Agincourt. Portuguese conquest of Ceuta. Voynich manuscript. Joan of Arc. 1452/1453 mystery eruption.Inca empire.Machu Picchu. Public Bank.Fall of Constantinople. Gutenberg. Beginning of Wars of the Roses.

Fall of Novgorod. French-Breton War. Fall of Granada. Columbus rediscovers the New World. Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars (1492 to 1537). Vasco da Gama reaches India by sea. Columbian Exchange. Sikhism. First mobile clocks. Da Vinci, Michelangelo. Goa established. Aragon and Castille unify. Luther and the Reformation. Sack of Rome (1527). Siege of Vienna. Spain conquest Aztecs and Incans. Beginning of the Franco-Ottoman alliance and Siege of Nice. Copernicus, Scientific Revolution. 1556 Shaanxi earthquake.Complex number theory.Macau established. French Wars of Religion. Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568-1571).

Eighty Years' War. First of about 11 Russo-Turkish Wars (1568 to 1878). Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Battle of Lepanto. Iberian Union. Gregorian Calendar. Spanish Armada. Microscope. Thermometer. Rise of the Moghul Empire. Russian Time of Troubles and Russian famine of 1601–1603, Russian Siberian conquestprobably connected to eruption of Huaynaputina. Beginning of Little Ice Age (ca. 1550 to 1850). Beginning of Northern Wars (1554 to 1721). St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the French Wars of Religion, ending with the Edict of Nantes. William Shakespeare. King James Bible. Jamestown settlement. Moons of Jupiter first observed. Thirty Years' War. Galileo. English Civil War. Descartes. Fermat. Pascal. First of four Anglo-Dutch Wars from 1652 to 1784. Taj Mahal. Louis XIV. Manchu conquer China. Great Plague of London. Great Fire of London. Reflecting telescope. Isaac Newton.

Franco-Dutch War. Battle of Vienna and Great Turkish War. Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and begins persecuting Protestants. Glorious Revolution of 1688. Nine Years' War. Seven ill years in Scotland, failure of the Darién scheme. War of the Spanish Succession. Great Northern War. Kingdoms of England and Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Battle of Poltava in Ukraine – beginning of decline of Swedish power. South Sea Bubble. Defoe, Swift, Bach, Number theory.Maratha Empire.Steam engine invented.first copyright laws.

A spell of very cold weather in Europe causes the Irish Famine (1740–1741). Lightning rod invented. Voltaire. Age of Enlightenment. Lisbon destroyed by earthquake, tsunami, and fire. Seven Years' War. Rousseau. American Revolution. Watt engine. Dismantlement of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Eruption of Laki. First manned flying machine: a Hot air balloon. Mozart. French Revolution, Haitian Revolution.first vaccine: Smallpox. Quasi-War between US and France. Rossetta Stone found.

Barbary Wars between US and Barbary states. First locomotive. Ludwig van Beethoven. Napoleon I of France.Louisiana Purchase. New Madrid earthquakes. War of 1812. Eruption of Mount Tambora. Battle of Waterloo. Simón Bolívar. José de San Martín. Year Without a Summer. Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829). Wars between the British Empire and the Asante Empire. Photography, July Revolution.electric motor. France conquest of Algeria.Babbage. Telegraph.

Victorian period. First Opium War. Hong Kong established as a british colony. Spread of anaesthesia use (Diethyl ether). Neptune discovered. Mexican–American War. modern petroleum industry. Revolutions of 1848. Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark latest independent making of writing. Crimean War. Taiping Civil War kills over 20 million. John Snow (physician). Start of Third Plague Pandemic. Second Opium War. Charles Darwin. Solar storm of 1859. American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln assassinated. Paraguayan War. Austro-Prussian War. Meiji Restoration. German Empire formed. Famine of 1866–68 at Finland & Sweden. Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister. Karl Marx. Franco-Prussian War. Scramble for Africa. Great Famine of 1876–78 at India & China.[205] Bone wars. Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Long Depression. Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone.

Tower Bridge. Eiffel Tower. Louis Pasteur. Gramophone invented. War of the Pacific. First Boer War. Invention of automobile. Krakatoa. 1887 Yellow River flood. Mark Twain. Franco-Russian Alliance. 1896 Summer Olympics. Henry George. Electron discoverex. Spanish–American War. First Zeppelin. Boxer Rebellion. Second Boer War. Philippine–American War. Wright brothers. Russo-Japanese War. Herero atrocities by Germans at German South West Africa. Albert Einstein's papers on special relativity & quantization of light (photons). 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Panic of 1907. Bakelite (phenol formaldehyde resin). Tunguska event. 1st Model T.

Sigmund Freud, Cubism, 1911 Revolution. Republic of China, RMS Titanic. Novarupta volcano, biggest eruption of 20th century. Assembly line. Atomic nucleus discovered. Panama Canal open. World War I. Russian Revolution of 1917(March and October). Poland wins Polish–Ukrainian War & Polish–Soviet War. Irish War of Independence. Turkey. Russian famine of 1921. Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). 1921 Tulsa race massacre. 1923 Tokyo earthquake, fires, & massacre of Koreans. Chinese famine of 1928–30 kills millions. Crash of 1929. Joseph Stalin. Walt Disney.

Pluto and the Neutrons discovered. 1931 Yellow River flood. Soviet famine of 1932–1933 kills c. 8 million. Great Depression. Adolf Hitler. Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal. Sulfa drugs. Kurt Gödel. Mahatma Gandhi. Second Sino-Japanese War, Spanish Civil War. 1938 Yellow River flood. LSD discovered. Polyethylene, rise of polymers, plastic. Winter War. World War II. Ballistic missiles, radar, jet aircraft. Penicillin. Chinese famine of 1942–43. Bengal famine of 1943. Nuclear weapons, Bretton Woods system. The Railway Series. United Nations. Cold War start. Soviet famine of 1946–47. Making of Pakistan & India. ENIAC, Sound barrier Broken. Formation of Israel & 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

NATO, Mao Zedong. Korean War. Egyptian revolution of 1952. Structure of DNA found. Nuclear power. McCarthyism, Elvis Presley. Suez War. Start of Vietnam War. Sputnik. ARPA. Ca. 20 million to 30 million die at Great Chinese Famine. Cuban Revolution., invention of laser. Year of Africa. Great Chilean Earthquake, most powerful recorded earthquake. Berlin Wall. Cuban Missile Crisis, The Beatles. Martin Luther King "I have a dream". John F. Kennedy. American Civil Rights Movement. Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966. Decolonisation. Space Race. Cultural Revolution. Six-Day War.

ARPANET Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). 2001 (film). Vietnam War, Counterculture. Greenpeace. Stonewall riots. Sino-Soviet border conflict. First Moon landing. Woodstock. Unix. Bhola cyclone kills 500,000. Bangladesh Liberation War. 1972 massacre of Burundian Hutus. Yom Kippur War. Lucy (Australopithecus) is found. Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Richard Nixon resigns. Banqiao Dam and 61 other dams break in China. 1977 Angolan coup d'état attempt and subsequent killings. Khmer Rouge. Tangshan earthquake. Downfall of Gang of Four.

Microcomputers. Jimmy Carter. Three Mile Island. Margaret Thatcher comes to power. Usenet. Artificial Insulin invented. 1979 South Korean coup d'état, Gwangju Uprising. Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Pac-Man. CNN. Colonial Africa ends. First Space shuttle flight. MTV. AIDS discovered. First IBM PC. Beginning of presidency of Ronald Reagan. Falklands War. Black July pogrom against Tamils in Sri Lanka. 1.2 million die in 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. Macintosh. Bhopal disaster. Soviet–Afghan War. Discovery of ozone hole. Challenger disaster. Chernobyl. First 80386. Iran–Contra affair.

BSE, perestroika, Black Monday, 1988 Burmese uprising. End of Iran–Iraq War, George H. W. Bush presidency. March 1989 geomagnetic storm cuts power in Quebec. Tiananmen protests. Communists lose power in Poland, fall of Berlin Wall. US invades Panama. Launch of Hubble Space Telescope. First Gulf War. AOL. Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, End of USSR. Black Wednesday attack on British pound. Halloween massacre (Angola). Beginning of Clinton presidency. First Pentium.

Bosnian War. End of apartheid. 1994 Los Angeles earthquake. Rwandan Massacre. Channel Tunnel opens. Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty. Rising use of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Start of World Trade Organization. Kobe earthquake. Windows 95, Java programming language. First cloned mammal:Dolly (sheep). Rwanda invades Zaire — First Congo War. Tony Blair becomes PM of the UK. North Korean famine. Asian financial crisis. Eritrean–Ethiopian War. Good Friday Agreement. Discovery of the acceleration of the universe. Beginning of Second Congo War. ISS begins operating. Kosovo War. 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake. Beginning of Second Chechen War. Vladimir Putin president of Russia. end of Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Y2K scare.

Human genome sequenced. Start of al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada). George W. Bush becomes president of US, Introduction of Wikipedia, 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Mac OS X, September 11 attacks,Euro is introduced US invasion of Afghanistan, Windows XP. Columbia disaster. Darfur conflict begins. 2003 Iraq War, European heat wave of 2003. Bam earthquake. Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity land on Mars.

Yassir Arafat dies. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Assassination of Rafic Hariri and Cedar Revolution. John Paul II dies. 7/7. Gaza pullout by Israel, Great Flood of New Orleans (Hurricane Katrina), Kashmir earthquake. 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 2006 North Korean nuclear test. Nicolas Sarkozy becomes president of France. Battle of Gaza (2007). iPhone. Gordon Brown becomes PM of UK. World population becomes more than 50% urban. Cyclone Sidr,

Cyclone Nargis. 2008 Sichuan earthquake. 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Financial crisis of 2007–2008. 2008 Mumbai attacks. Android (operating system). 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict. Barack Obama president of US. Introduction of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency. Northwest Passage opens for first time in recorded history. 2009 swine flu pandemic. 2010 Haiti earthquake. 2010 Chile earthquake. iPad. 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull. Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Large Hadron Collider begins operating. 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. 2010 United Kingdom general election brings David Cameron to power. 2010 Gaza flotilla clash. 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. 2010 Pakistan floods. WikiLeaks publishes US diplomatic cables. 2010–11 Queensland floods.

Arab Spring. 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution. Egyptian Revolution of 2011. February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Fukushima nuclear accident. Beginning of Syrian Civil War. Killing of Osama bin Laden. Last Space Shuttle flight. 2011 North American heat wave, 2011 Norway attacks. United States debt-ceiling crisis. 2011 England riots. 2011 Libyan civil war ends rule of Mu`ammar al-Qaddhafi, 2011 Thailand floods. Largest strike-slip earthquake ever recorded.[206] François Hollande becomes president of France. Discovery of the Higgs boson. Curiosity rover lands on Mars. 2012 Summer Olympics. Hurricane Sandy. Gangnam Style becomes the most-viewed YouTube video. November 2012 Gaza conflict. Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. 2012 phenomenon. France intervenes in the Northern Mali conflict.

Chelyabinsk meteor. Hugo Chavez dies. Benedict XVI resigns, Jorge Mario Bergoglio becomes Pope Francis. Cyprus bailout. 2013 Korean crisis. 2013 protests in Turkey. 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. 2013 NSA surveillance scandal. Ghouta chemical attack. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), one of most powerful on record. Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014), beginning of South Sudanese Civil War. Nelson Mandela dies. Early 2014 North American cold wave. Belgium legalises euthanasia. 2014 Ukrainian revolution and Russian annexation of Crimea. Chibok kidnapping. Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant launches 2014 Northern Iraq offensive and announces caliphate. 2014 FIFA World Cup. Felipe VI becomes new king of Spain. 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. West African Ebola virus epidemic, Rosetta mission arrives at Comet 67P. 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Malala Yousafzai wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 2014 Peshawar school massacre. United States–Cuban thaw.

January 2015 Paris attacks. Assassination of Boris Nemtsov. Dawn spacecraft arrives at Ceres. 2015 military intervention in Yemen, Garissa University College attack. April 2015 Nepal earthquake, FIFA crisis. 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis. US Supreme Court allows same-sex marriage. Greek bailout referendum, Iran nuclear deal, Turkey-PKK conflict restarts, New Horizons flies by Pluto, Beginning of European refugee crisis. Windows 10. Volkswagen emissions scandal. Mecca crane collapse and Mina stampede. Evidence of saltwater flows found on Mars. Russian intervention in Syria. Knife Intifada. Metrojet Flight 9268 brought down near Sharm el-Sheikh. November 2015 Paris attacks. Mauricio Macri President in Argentina, opposition wins 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election. 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany.

Saudi Arabia executes Nimr al-Nimr.Sanctions on Iran are lift. January 2016 North Korean nuclear test and satellite launch. LIGO announces discovery of gravitational waves. Zika fever outbreak, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter launched. 2016 Brussels bombings. Panama Papers. 2016 Ecuador earthquake. 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire. Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Britain votes to leave the EU. Panama Canal widened. Atatürk Airport attack. July 2016 Baghdad bombings. 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers. 2016 Nice truck attack. Turkish coup d'état attempt. July 2016 Kabul bombing. 2016 Summer Olympics. 2016 Louisiana floods. 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes. Hurricane Matthew. Colombian peace agreement referendum. Paris climate agreement becomes law. Donald Trump elected. Fidel Castro dies. 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. Impeachment of Park Geun-hye. Berlin Christmas market truck attack. Syrian Army and Russia win the battle over Ḥalab (Aleppo).

WikiLeaks publishes Vault 7. 2017 Shayrat missile strike. 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. WannaCry ransomware attack. Emmanuel Macron president of France. Manchester Arena bombing. May 2017 Kabul attack. United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis. 2017 United Kingdom general election. North Korea tests ICBMs. Mawsil recaptured from IS. Despacito becomes the most-viewed YouTube video. Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville. 2017 Barcelona attacks. Hurricanes Harvey and Irma hit the Caribbean and the US. Northern Rakhine State clashes. 2017 South Asian floods. Cassini–Huygens plunges into Saturn. 2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Hurricane Maria devastates Dominica and Puerto Rico. 2017 Las Vegas shooting. 2017 Catalan independence referendum. October 2017 Northern California wildfires. October 2017 Mogadishu bombings. Iraqi government forces take Kirkuk Lebanese PM Sa`ad Hariri resigns in Saudi Arabia. Robert Mugabe resigns. U.S. recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital. Violence in Democratic Republic of the Congo. December 2017 California wildfires.

2018 Southern California mudflows. Hawaii missile panic. Turkish invasion of Afrin. 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. Jacob Zuma resigns. Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. 2018 Venezuelan presidential election widely condemned. Kim Jong-un meets Moon Jae-in. 2018 Kilauea eruption. US withdraws from Iran deal. 2018 Italian election brings to power a coalition of the Five Star Movement and the Lega Nord. Socialist Pedro Sánchez becomes PM of Spain. Peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Kim meets Donald Trump. Trump tariffs. Tham Luang cave rescue. 2018 Mexican general election brings López Obrador to presidency. France wins 2018 World Cup. Venezuelan refugee crisis. National Museum of Brazil fire. Hurricane Florence. 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami. Brett Kavanaugh confirmed as US Supreme Court justice. Murder of Jamal Khashoggi. Hurricane Michael. Yellow vests movement. Hurricane Leslie hits Iberia. 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism. Bolsonaro elected president of Brazil. Fire destroys Paradise, California. Gilets jaunes riots in Paris. 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami (Anak Krakatau). Longest US government shutdown.

Chang'e 4 lands on far side of the moon. Félix Tshisekedi controversially declared president of the DRC. Protests in Sudan and Zimbabwe. Juan Guaidó recognized by many countries as interim president of Venezuela. Cyclone Idai, possibly the worst weather-related natural disaster in history in the southern hemisphere. Christchurch mosque shootings. Boeing 737 MAX groundings. Beginning of 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns. 2019 Western Libya offensive. First photography of a black hole. Omar al-Bashir removed from power. Notre-Dame de Paris fire. Redacted Mueller Report released. 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings. Naruhito accedes to the throne of Japan. Escalating tension between US and Iran. Beginning of 2019–20 locust infestation around horn of Africa. Boris Johnson becomes prime minister of UK. 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires. Hurricane Dorian devastates areas of the Bahamas. 2019 Papua protests. Attacks on two Saudi oil facilities. 2019 Egyptian protests. 2019 Indonesian protests and riots. Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump opens. September 2019 climate strikes. Riots in Iraq. 2019 Ecuadorian protests. 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall in Japan, the biggest storm to hit the region in decades. 2019 Catalan protests. 2019–20 Lebanese protests and 2019 Chilean protests. Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Alberto Fernández wins presidential election in Argentina. 2019 California wildfires. 2019 Bolivian protests and resignation of Evo Morales. Protests in the Czech Republic. Beginning of 2019–2020 Iranian protests. 2019 Georgian protests. Chaos in Haiti. 2019 Maltese protests. 2019 United Kingdom general election won by Tories. Protests in India over citizenship act. Congress votes for the impeachment of Donald Trump.

2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis, killing of Qasem Soleimani, downing of UIA 752 near Tehran. COVID-19 pandemic. Police arrest 15 pro-democracy activists in Hong Kong. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan, costliest cyclone in Indian Ocean. China proposes amending the Hong Kong Basic Law. George Floyd protests. Hong Kong national security law imposed. 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States. 2020 Beirut explosions. 2020–21 Belarusian protests. Israel-United Arab Emirates accord. 2020 Thai protests. 2020 Malian coup. Poisoning of Alexei Navalny. 2020 Western United States wildfire season worst in many years. Hurricane Laura. Hurricane Sally. Signing of the "Abraham Accords". 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. "End SARS" protests in Nigeria. 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake. Super Typhoon Goni hits Catanduanes Island in the Philippines with wind speeds up to 315 km/hr, a record for a landfalling tropical cyclone. Joe Biden wins 2020 United States presidential election. Start of Tigray War in Ethiopia. Hurricane Iota ends the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season with a record 28 storms. Assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. Arecibo collapses. Kent variant of the COVID-19 virus. EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

2021 storming of the United States Capitol. Inauguration of Joe Biden. Alexei Navalny releases video about Putin's Palace, returns to Russia and is imprisoned. 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. and 2021 Myanmar protests. Mario Draghi becomes PM of Italy. Perseverance lands on Mars. 2021 Bata explosions in Equatorial Guinea. Number of displaced persons from Islamist insurgency in Mozambique exceeds half a million.[207] 2021 Suez Canal blockage. Ingenuity is deployed from Perseverance. 2021 eruption of La Soufrière on Saint Vincent (Antilles). Natanz uranium enrichment facility sabotaged. Russian troops deploy around Ukraine. Tiangong space station begins construction. Chadian president Idriss Déby killed. Derek Chauvin convicted for the murder of George Floyd. 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Ryanair forced landing in Belarus. 2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption. Naftali Bennett replaces Binyamin Netanyahu as PM of Israel. Ebrahim Raisi wins 2021 Iranian presidential election. Surfside condominium building collapse. Tigray Defense Forces retake Mekelle. 2021 Western North America heat wave sets records. U.S. abandons Bagram Air Base and Taliban take over much of Afghanistan. Increasing ransomware attacks. Spate of kidnapping in Nigeria. Assassination of Jovenel Moïse, president of Haiti. Delta variant of the coronavirus spreads worldwide. 2021 Cuban protests. 2021 South African unrest. 2021 European floods. China blamed for the 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach. 2021 Henan floods. 2021 Tunisian political crisis. Pedro Castillo becomes President of Peru. 2021 Haiti earthquake. Fall of Kabul (2021). Hurricane Ida, flooding in New York. 2021 Sudanese coup d'état. COP26 climate conference. 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis. November 2021 riots in the Netherlands. Omicron variant. Olaf Scholz becomes chancellor of Germany. Largest tornado outbreak on record in December. Typhoon Rai. Launch of James Webb Space Telescope.

2022 Kazakh protests. 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami. Canada convoy protests. January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état. We Don't Talk About Bruno becomes a global hit. Cryptocurrency crash. 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Gabriel Boric becomes president of Chile. 2022 Sri Lankan protests. 2022 monkeypox outbreak. Bongbong Marcos is elected president of the Philippines. 2022 Buffalo shooting. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is elected president of Somalia. Anthony Albanese elected prime minister of Australia. Robb Elementary School shooting. Mona Lisa gets attacked by a climate change activist. Tulsa hospital shooting. June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake. Roe v. Wade is overturned. NATO summit in Madrid; Finland and Sweden consider entering the organization. Yair Lapid replaces Naftali Bennett as prime minister of Israel. 2022 Karakalpak protests. Highland Park parade shooting. Assassination of Shinzo Abe. Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri. Nancy Pelosi Taiwan visit. 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires. 2022 Israel-Islamic Jihad conflict. FBI search of Mar-a-Lago. 2022 Cetinje shooting. Stabbing of Salman Rushdie. 2022 China heat wave, most severe recorded anywhere.[208] 2022 Pakistan floods. Liz Truss becomes prime minister of the UK. Death of Elizabeth II. Hurricane Fiona, most intense to hit Canada. Hurricane Ian, deadliest in Florida since 1935. 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage. Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation. September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état. 2022 Nigeria floods. Mahsa Amini protests in Iran. Rishi Sunak becomes prime minister of the UK. Attack on Paul Pelosi. Elon Musk purchases Twitter. 2022 COVID-19 protests in China. Launch of Artemis 1. 2022 Chesapeake shooting. National Ignition Facility achieves scientific breakeven. Dina Boluarte becomes president of Peru. Argentina wins 2022 World Cup. Pope Benedict XVI dies.

2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress. 2023 Israeli anti-Judicial reform protests. 2023 Chinese balloon incident. 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.