Jayasthiti Malla

Jayasthiti Malla
Jayasthiti Malla
King of Nepal
	Portrait of Jayasthiti Malla (r. 1382–1395)
Reign	1382 – 1395
Predecessor	Jayarjuna Malla
Successor	Joint rule of three sons until 1408; Jayajyotir Malla until 1428
Born	Nepal
Died	1395; Nepal
Issue	Jayadharma Malla, Jayajyotir Malla, Jayakiti Malla
Dynasty	Malla

Jayasthitimalla (or Jayasthiti Malla) (Nepali: जयस्थिति मल्ल) was a 14th-century king of Nepal belonging to the Malla dynasty. He is considered as the ancestor to all the succeeding Malla rulers in the Kathmandu valley.[1][2]

Early life

The ancestry of Jayasthiti Malla is still a topic of debate among scholars.[2] The generally accepted narrative is that he was a person of noble birth in the Mithila region, and was brought to Kathmandu Valley by Devalakshmidevi in 1354 to marry Rajaladevi, her granddaughter and the heir apparent of Bhadgaon.[3][2][4] Jayasthiti Malla started to play a prominient role in politics after the death of Devalakshmidevi in 1366.[2]

Reign

The early Malla period, a time of continuing trade and the reintroduction of Nepalese coinage, saw the steady growth of the small towns that became Yein (Kathmandu), Yala (Patan), and Khowpa (Bhadgaon). Royal pretenders in Yala and Khowpa struggled with their main rivals, the lords of Bhota: Banepa in the east, relying on the populations of their towns as their power bases. The citizens of Khowpa viewed Rajalla Devi as the legitimate, independent queen. The betrothal in 1354 of her granddaughter to Jayasthiti Malla, a man of obscure but apparently high birth, eventually led to the reunification of the land and a lessening of strife among the towns.[1]

By 1370 Jayasthiti Malla controlled Yala, and in 1374 his forces defeated those in Bhota and Yangleshö Pharping. He then took full control of the country from 1382 until 1395, reigning in Khowpa as the husband of the queen and in Yala with full regal titles. His authority was not absolute because the lords of Bhota: were able to pass themselves off as kings to ambassadors of the Chinese Ming emperor who traveled to Nepal during this time. Nevertheless, Jayasthiti Malla united the entire valley and its environs under his sole rule, an accomplishment still remembered with pride by Nepalese, particularly Newars. The first comprehensive codification of law in Nepal, based on the dharma of ancient religious textbooks, is ascribed to Jayasthitimalla.

He was succeed by the joint rule of his three sons.[2]

Reforms

Social reforms

Jayasthiti Malla is generally considered the first ruler to define jobs based on caste system. The Brahmins were to conduct priestly functions and given high posts in the administration. Brahmins were appointed as Pradhan, Maskey, etc. Literate Buddhist Bhikshus were to act as priests and preceptors and the rest were to work as carpenters, masons, and other artisans. The law was made strict and punishment was given to those who did not adhere to it. This division of labor is considered to have reduced unemployment problems and also made people skillful in their respective jobs.[1]

Economic reforms

Jayasthiti Malla introduced a uniform system of measurement throughout his kingdom. Measurement of lands were done using Tunga which allowed for people to buy and sell lands easily.[1]

Art, literature and music

Jayasthiti Malla built multiple temples, and renovated many. He also made regulations about the funeral process. The Ramayana and the play of Bhairavananda were played during his reign.[1]

Personal life

He was married to Rajalla Devi, the heir apparent of Bhaktapur and they had three sons:[1][2]

Jayadharma Malla
Jyoti Malla
Jayakirti Malla

References

Shrestha, D.B.; Singh, C.B. (1961). The History of Ancient and Medieval Nepal (PDF). University of Cambridge. pp. 25–28.
Shah, Rishikesh. "Ancient and Medieval Nepal" (PDF). University of Cambridge: 40–60.
"जयस्थिति मल्लको वंश". www.kantipurdaily.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 25 August 2019.
Das, Basudevlal. "Devalaxmidevi in the Medieval History of Nepal". Academic Voices. 5 (1).

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[:0-1] Shrestha, D.B.; Singh, C.B. (1961). The History of Ancient and Medieval Nepal (PDF). University of Cambridge. pp. 25–28.

[:1-2] Shah, Rishikesh. "Ancient and Medieval Nepal" (PDF). University of Cambridge: 40–60.

[3] "जयस्थिति मल्लको वंश". www.kantipurdaily.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 25 August 2019.

[4] Das, Basudevlal. "Devalaxmidevi in the Medieval History of Nepal". Academic Voices. 5 (1).

Malla dynasty rulers
Kathmandu Valley	Ari Malla I c. 1201–1216 Abhaya Malla c. 1216–1255 Ranasura c. 1216 Jayadeva Malla c. 1255–1260 Jayabhimadeva c. 1260–1271 Jayasimha Malla c. 1271–1274 Ananta Malla c. 1274–1310 Jayananada Deva c. 1310–1320 Ari Malla II c. 1320–1344 Jayarudra Malla c. 1320–1326 Jayaraja Deva c. 1347–1361 Jayarjuna Malla c. 1361–1382 Jayasthiti Malla c. 1382–1395 Jyoti Malla c. 1395–1428 Jayakriti Malla c. 1395–1403 Jayadharma Malla c. 1395–1408 Yakshya Malla c. 1428–1482
Kantipur	Ratna Malla 1482–1520 Surya Malla 1520–1530 Amara (Narendra) Malla 1530–1560 Mahendra Malla 1560–1574 Sadashiva Malla 1574–1583 Shivasimha Malla 1583–1619 Lakshmi Narasimha Malla 1619–1641 Pratap Malla 1641–1674 Chakravartendra Malla 1669 Mahipatendra Malla 1670 Nripendra Malla 1674–1680 Parthibendra Malla 1680–1687 Bhupalendra Malla 1687–1700 Bhaskara Malla 1700–1722 Jagajjaya Malla 1722–1736 Jaya Prakash Malla 1736–1746 Jyoti Prakash Malla 1746–1750 Jaya Prakash Malla 1750–1768
Lalitpur	Purandara Simha c. 1580–1600 Harihara Simha (installed by his father Shivasimha) c. 1600–1609 Shivasimha Malla (King of Kantipur) 1609–1619 Siddhi Narasimha Malla 1620–1661 Srinivasa Malla 1661–1685 Yoga Narendra Malla 1685–1705 Loka Prakash Malla 1705–1706 Indra Malla (Purandara Malla) 1706–1709 Vira Narasimha Malla 1709 Vira Mahindra Malla 1709–1715 Riddhi Narasimha Malla 1715–1717 Mahindrasimha Malla (King of Kantipur) 1717–1722 Yoga Prakash Malla 1722–1729 Vishnu Malla 1729–1745 Rajya Prakash Malla 1745–1758 Vishvajit Malla 1758–1760 Jaya Prakash Malla (King of Kantipur) 1760–1761 Ranajit Malla (King of Bhaktapur) 1762–1763 Jaya Prakash Malla (King of Kantipur) 1763–1764 Dal Mardan Shah 1764–1765 Teja Narasimha Malla 1765–1768
Bhaktapur	Raya Malla 1482–1519 Prana Malla 1519–1547 Vishva Malla 1547–1560 Trailokya Malla 1560–1613 Jagajjyoti Malla 1613–1637 Naresha Malla 1637–1644 Jagat Prakasha Malla 1644–1673 Jitamitra Malla 1673–1696 Bhupatindra Malla 1696–1722 Ranajit Malla 1722–1769