Sikhism by country

Most of the 25 million followers of Sikhism, the world's fifth-largest religion, live in the northern Indian state of Punjab, the only Sikh-majority administrative division on Earth,[2] but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent. Sizeable Sikh populations in countries across the world exist in India (20,833,116),[3] Canada (771,790),[4] England (520,092),[5] the United States (~472,498),[8] and Australia (210,397), while countries with the largest proportions of Sikhs include Canada (2.12%),[4] India (1.72%), Cyprus (1.1%)[9][10] and England (0.92%),[5][11] New Zealand (0.87%), and Australia (0.83%).

The Sikh diaspora and population centers as of 2004[1]
Sikhism
Sikh gurus
Select revered saints
Philosophy
Practices
Scripture
Places and Takhts
General topics and terminology

Administrative divisions with significant proportions of Sikhs include Punjab, India (Sikhs account for 58 percent of the population), Chandigarh, India (13.1 percent), British Columbia, Canada (5.9 percent),[4] Haryana, India (4.9 percent), Delhi, India (3.4 percent), West Midlands, England (2.9 percent), Manitoba, Canada (2.7 percent),[4] Alberta, Canada (2.5 percent),[4] Uttarakhand, India (2.3 percent), and Ontario, Canada (2.1 percent).[4] Meanwhile, cities outside India with the largest Sikh populations are Brampton, Ontario, Canada (163,260),[12] Surrey, British Columbia, Canada (154,415),[13] and London, England (144,543).[14]

Countries

The figures on the table below are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organizations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included.

Sikhs and Sikhism by country
Region Country No. of Sikhs Sikh %  % of all Sikhs
Central Asia Afghanistan 140[15] 0.0% 0.001%
South America Argentina 300[16] 0.001% 0.001%
Central Europe Austria 9,000[17] 0.10% 0.03%
Oceania Australia 210,397[18] 0.83% 0.8%
Western Asia Bahrain 2,000[19] 0.11% 0.01%
South Asia Bangladesh 100[20] 0.0003% 0.0004%
Western Europe Belgium 10,000[21] 0.09% 0.04%
South America Brazil 300[22] <0.01% 0.001%
North America Canada 771,790[4] 2.12% 2.93%
East Asia People's Republic of China 7,500 <0.01% 0.03%
Southern Europe Cyprus 13,280[9][10] 1.1% 0.05%
Northern Europe Denmark 4,000[23] 0.07% 0.02%
Northern Europe Faroe Islands 3[23] <0.01% 0%
Oceania Fiji 2,577[24] 0.3% 0.01%
Western Europe France 8,000[25] 0.0267% 0.03%
Western Asia Georgia 1,500[26] 0.04% 0.01%
Central Europe Germany 10,000–20,000[27] 0.03% 0.04%
Southern Europe Greece 20,000 0.1% 0.08%
East Asia Hong Kong 15,000[28] 0.20% 0.06%
Western Europe Iceland 100[29] 0.03% 0.0004%
South Asia India 23,623,837[30][lower-alpha 1][3][31][32][33] 1.72% 89.82%
Southeast Asia Indonesia 15,000[34] <0.01% 0.06%
Western Europe Ireland 1,705[35] 0.04% 0.01%
Southern Europe Italy 150,000[36][37][38] 0.26% 0.57%
East Africa Kenya 6,000[39] 0.01% 0.02%
Western Asia Kuwait 10,000–20,000[40] 0.64% 0.04%
Southeast Asia Malaysia 100,000[41] 0.44% 0.38%
Southern Africa Mauritius 380[42] 0.0% 0.001%
North America Mexico 8,000 <0.01% 0.03%
South Asia Nepal 5,890[43] 0.02% 0.02%
Western Europe Netherlands 10,000[44] 0.07% 0.04%
Oceania New Zealand 40,908[45] 0.88% 0.16%
Northern Europe Norway 4,080[46] <0.01% 0.02%
Northern Europe Oman 35,540[47] 0.66% 0.14%
South Asia Pakistan 6,146[48][49][50] 0.003% 0.02%
Central America Panama 300 <0.01% 0.001%
Southeast Asia Philippines 50,000[51][52] 0.1% 0.19%
Europe Portugal 7,000[53] 0.07% 0.03%
Middle East Saudi Arabia 6,700[54] 0.02% 0.03%
Southeast Asia Singapore 12,000[55] 0.22% 0.05%
Southern Europe Spain 26,000[56] 0.005% 0.1%
Northern Europe Sweden 4,000[56] 0.04% 0.02%
Southeast Asia Thailand 40,000[57] 0.13% 0.15%
Central America Trinidad 150[58] <0.005% 0.001%
Western Asia UAE 52,000[59] 0.57% 0.2%
East Africa Uganda 2,400[60] 0.006% 0.01%
Western Europe United Kingdom 524,140[5] 0.88% 1.99%
North America United States 472,498[nb 1] 0.14% 1.8%
Total 26,300,661[lower-alpha 2] 100%

Largest proportions
  1.  Canada 2.12%[4][61]
  2.  India 1.72%[3][62]
  3.  Cyprus 1.1%[9][63]
  4.  United Kingdom 0.88%[64]
  5.  New Zealand 0.88%[65]
  6.  Australia 0.83%[66][67]
  7.  Oman 0.66%[47]
  8.  Kuwait 0.60%[68][69]
  9.  UAE 0.57%[70]
  10.  Malaysia 0.44%[71]
    Depiction of early Sikh immigration to Canada (Whitehorse, Yukon). Circa 1906.

Largest populations
  1.  India 23,623,837[30][lower-alpha 1][3][62]
  2.  Canada 771,790[4][61]
  3.  United Kingdom 524,000[72]
  4.  United States ~500,000[74] [75]
  5.  Australia 210,397[66][67]
  6.  Italy 150,000[76][77][78]
  7.  Malaysia 120,000[79]
  8.  United Arab Emirates 52,000[80]
  9.  Philippines 50,000[81][82]
  10.  New Zealand 40,908[83]
  11.  Thailand 40,000[84]
  12.  Oman 35,540[47]
  13.  Spain 26,000[85]
  14.  Kuwait 15,000[69][86]
  15.  Germany 15,000[87]
  16.  Hong Kong 15,000[88]
  17.  Cyprus 13,280[9][89]
  18.  Singapore 12,000[90]
  19.  Indonesia 10,000[91]
  20.  Belgium 10,000[92]

Subnational divisions
Sikhs by administrative division
Administrative division 2021[4][14][93][94][lower-alpha 3]
Pop. %
Punjab 16,004,754 57.69%
Haryana 1,243,752 4.91%
Rajasthan 872,930 1.27%
Uttar Pradesh 643,500 0.32%
Delhi 570,581 3.4%
Ontario 300,435 2.14%
British Columbia 290,870 5.92%
Uttarakhand 236,340 2.34%
Jammu and Kashmir 232,585 1.9%
California 232,495 0.59%
Maharashtra 223,247 0.2%
West Midlands 172,398 2.9%
Madhya Pradesh 151,412 0.21%
London 144,543 1.64%
Chandigarh 138,329 13.11%
Alberta 103,600 2.48%
Victoria 91,745 1.41%
Himachal Pradesh 79,896 1.16%
South East 74,348 0.8%
Jharkhand 71,422 0.22%
Chhattisgarh 70,036 0.27%
West Bengal 63,523 0.07%
Gujarat 58,246 0.1%
East Midlands 53,950 1.11%
New South Wales 47,165 0.58%
New York 44,999 0.22%
Manitoba 35,470 2.71%
Telangana 30,340 0.09%
Karnataka 28,773 0.05%
Washington 28,612 0.37%
Queensland 27,713 0.54%
New Jersey 26,484 0.29%
East 24,284 0.38%
Yorkshire and the Humber 24,034 0.44%
Auckland 23,832 1.52%
Bihar 23,779 0.02%
Quebec 23,345 0.28%
Texas 23,044 0.08%
Odisha 21,991 0.05%
Assam 20,672 0.07%
Western Australia 18,583 0.7%
South Australia 17,259 0.97%
Tamil Nadu 14,601 0.02%
North West 11,862 0.16%
Maryland 11,042 0.18%
Andhra Pradesh 9,904 0.02%
Virginia 9,716 0.11%
Pennsylvania 9,529 0.07%
Massachusetts 9,197 0.13%
Michigan 9,127 0.09%
Saskatchewan 9,035 0.82%
Indiana 8,339 0.12%
Illinois 7,771 0.06%
South West 7,465 0.13%
North East 7,206 0.27%
North Carolina 6,929 0.07%
Bay of Plenty 4,842 1.57%
Nova Scotia 4,730 0.49%
Missouri 4,589 0.07%
Australian Capital Territory 4,323 0.95%
Kansas 4,200 0.14%
Waikato 4,074 0.89%
Kerala 3,814 0.01%
Arunachal Pradesh 3,287 0.24%
Meghalaya 3,045 0.1%
Canterbury 2,973 0.5%
Ladakh 2,263 0.83%
Tasmania 2,208 0.4%
Nagaland 1,890 0.1%
Sikkim 1,868 0.31%
New Brunswick 1,780 0.23%
Wellington 1,647 0.32%
Manipur 1,527 0.05%
Goa 1,473 0.1%
Northern Territory 1,401 0.6%
Hawke's Bay 1,347 0.81%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1,286 0.34%
Prince Edward Island 1,165 0.77%
Tripura 1,070 0.03%
Newfoundland and Labrador 850 0.17%
Otago 510 0.23%
Manawatū-Whanganui 447 0.19%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 389 0.07%
Yukon 385 0.97%
Northland 315 0.18%
Puducherry 297 0.02%
Mizoram 286 0.03%
Taranaki 234 0.2%
Southland 210 0.22%
Gisborne 171 0.36%
Marlborough 123 0.26%
Northwest Territories 110 0.27%
Nelson 102 0.2%
Tasman 51 0.1%
West Coast 33 0.1%
Nunavut 10 0.03%
Lakshadweep 8 0.01%

Historical Demographics

The Afghan Sikh population declined from between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the Afghan population) in the 1970s[96][97][98][99][100] to 45 in 2022 following decades of conflict.

Sikhism by country (2001−2021)
Country 2021 2011 2001 Change (2011-2021) Change (2001-2021)
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % ± +% ± +%
India[3][101][102][103][104] 20,833,116 1.72% 19,237,391 1.87% 1,595,725 8.29%
Canada[105][106][4] 771,790 2.12% 454,965 1.38% 278,410 0.94% 316,825 69.64% 176,555 63.42%
England[5][107][108] 520,092 0.92% 420,196 0.79% 327,343 0.63% 99,896 23.77% 92,853 28.37%
United States[110] 472,498 0.14% 361,540 0.12% 163,518 0.06% 110,958 30.69% 198,022 121.1%
Australia[94] 210,397 0.83% 72,296 0.34% 17,437 0.09% 138,101 191.02% 54,859 314.61%
New Zealand[111][45] 40,908[lower-alpha 4] 0.87% 19,191[lower-alpha 5] 0.45% 5,199 0.14% 21,717 113.16% 13,992 269.13%
Fiji[112] 2,540[lower-alpha 6] 0.3% 3,067[lower-alpha 7] 0.4% -527 -17.18%

[113][114][103][115][116][105][106][4][107][108][118][94][95][119][lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9][lower-alpha 10][lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 12][lower-alpha 13][lower-alpha 14][122][123]

See also

General:

Notes
  1. Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,623,837) of India's total population of 1,389,637,446 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook.[30]
  2. Total of countries listed above. List last totaled in February 2023.
  3. 2011 census data for India,[3] 2018 census data for New Zealand[95]
  4. 2018 census
  5. 2013 census
  6. 2007 census
  7. 1996 census
  8. According to Singh, there were at least 2 lakh Sikhs and Hindus (in a 60:40 ratio) in Afghanistan until the 1970s.[96]
  9. “If you go through the evidence and data from the 1970s to date, you will be able to see how drastically their population has fallen,” says Ehsan Shayegan, an Afghan researcher with Porsesh Research and Studies Organization studying the minority religions of Kabul. “In the 70s, there were around 700,000 Hindus and Sikhs, and now they are estimated to be less than 7,000,” Shayegan says... “In 1992, they were a 220,000-strong community, just before the start of the civil war in Kabul. It was also around the same time that our problems started,” he says.[97]
  10. An investigation by TOLOnews reveals that the Sikh and Hindu population number was 220,000 in the 1980's. That number dropped sharply to 15,000 when the mujahideen was in power during the 1990's and remained at that level during the Taliban regime. It is now estimated that only 1,350 Hindus and Sikhs remain in the country.[99]
  11. In the late 1980s, there were about 500,000 Sikhs scattered across Afghanistan, many here for generations[100]
  12. “There were over two lakh (200,000) Sikhs just in Kabul in the 1980s,” Mr Singh says. Today, there are about 7,000 Sikhs and Hindus throughout the whole of Afghanistan.[98]
  13. Singh explained 800 of his community families still lived in Kabul, Kandahar, Ghazni, Helmand, Nangarhar, Kunduz and Balkh provinces.[120]
  14. Over the years, Afghan Sikhs and the Hindu population have dwindled from nearly 700,000 in the 1970s to less than a few hundred, today. “We are about 70 to 80 families who are left in all over Afghanistan. It used to be many more, but as of today, we are maybe 400 to 450 adults and about 100 to 200 children. So we are not more than a total of 700,” Sutaka said, trying hard to keep a steady tone.[121]

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  110. The United States does not measure religion during its censuses. However, the 1980 United States Census found that 19,298 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 1990 United States Census found that 50,005 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 2000 United States Census found that 110,254 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 2010 United States Census found that 243,773 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, and the 2021 American Community Survey found that 318,588 Americans spoke Punjabi at home.[109][6] The 2021 Canadian census found that 520,390 Canadians spoke Punjabi at home, and 771,790 were Sikhs.[7] Thus, the Sikh population in the United States can be roughly estimated, using the ratio of Punjabi speakers to Sikhs.
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  117. "Language Use in the United States: 2019" (PDF). United States Census Bureau.
  118. The United States does not measure religion during its censuses. However, the 1980 United States Census found that 19,298 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 1990 United States Census found that 50,005 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 2000 United States Census found that 110,254 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, the 2010 United States Census found that 243,773 Americans spoke Punjabi at home, and the 2021 American Community Survey found that 318,588 Americans spoke Punjabi at home.[117][6] The 2021 Canadian census found that 520,390 Canadians spoke Punjabi at home, and 771,790 were Sikhs.[73] Thus, the Sikh population in the United States can be roughly estimated, using the ratio of Punjabi speakers to Sikhs.
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