Insulin

Insulin (bahasa Latin insula, "pulau", karena diproduksi di Pulau-pulau Langerhans di pankreas) adalah sebuah hormon polipeptida yang mengatur metabolisme karbohidrat. Selain merupakan "efektor" utama dalam homeostasis karbohidrat, hormon ini juga ambil bagian dalam metabolisme lemak (trigliserida) dan protein – hormon ini bersifat anabolik yang artinya meningkatkan penggunaan protein. Hormon tersebut juga memengaruhi jaringan tubuh lainnya.

INS
Struktur yang tersedia PDB Pencarian Ortolog: PDBe RCSB Daftar kode id PDB 1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2L1Y, 2L1Z, 2LGB, 2M1D, 2M1E, 2M2M, 2M2N, 2M2O, 2M2P, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3Q6E, 3ROV, 3TT8, 3U4N, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V19, 3V1G, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 3W7Y, 3W7Z, 3W80, 3ZI3, 3ZQR, 3ZS2, 3ZU1, 4AIY, 4AJX, 4AJZ, 4AK0, 4AKJ, 4EFX, 4EWW, 4EWX, 4EWZ, 4EX0, 4EX1, 4EXX, 4EY1, 4EY9, 4EYD, 4EYN, 4EYP, 4F0N, 4F0O, 4F1A, 4F1B, 4F1C, 4F1D, 4F1F, 4F1G, 4F4T, 4F4V, 4F51, 4F8F, 4FG3, 4FKA, 4GBC, 4GBI, 4GBK, 4GBL, 4GBN, 4IUZ, 5AIY, 2LWZ, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3P2X, 3P33, 1JK8, 2MLI, 2MPG, 2MPI, 2MVC, 2MVD, 4CXL, 4CXN, 4CY7, 4NIB, 4OGA, 4P65, 4Q5Z, 4RXW, 4UNE, 4UNG, 4UNH, 4XC4, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 2N2W, 5CO6, 5ENA, 4Y19, 5BQQ, 5BOQ, 2N2V, 5CNY, 5CO9, 5EN9, 4Y1A, 2N2X, 5BPO, 5CO2, 5BTS, 5HYJ, 5C0D,%%s1EFE, 1SJT, 1SJU, 2KQP,%%s1T0C,%%s2G54, 2G56, 3HYD, 2OMQ
Pengidentifikasi
Alias	INS, IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10, insulin, PNDM4
ID eksternal	OMIM: 176730 MGI: 96573 HomoloGene: 173 GeneCards: INS
Lokasi gen (Manusia) Kr. Kromosom 11 (manusia)[1] Pita 11p15.5 Awal 2,159,779 bp[1] Akhir 2,161,221 bp[1]
Lokasi gen (Tikus) Kr. Kromosom 7 (tikus)[2] Pita 7 F5|7 88.0 cM Awal 142,232,393 bp[2] Akhir 142,297,118 bp[2]
Pola ekspresi RNA Referensi data ekspresi selengkapnya
Ontologi gen Fungsi molekuler • insulin receptor binding • pengikatan protein identik • protease binding • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 Ikatan protein plasma • hormone activity Komponen seluler • endoplasmic reticulum lumen • transport vesicle • Golgi membrane • secretory granule lumen • Golgi lumen • endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane • endosome lumen • extracellular region • extracellular space Proses biologis • negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity • positive regulation of DNA replication • positive regulation of MAPK cascade • positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of cell differentiation • MAPK cascade • positive regulation of respiratory burst • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • negative regulation of protein oligomerization • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response • cell-cell signaling • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process • positive regulation of glycolytic process • positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity • positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation • activation of protein kinase B activity • wound healing • positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division • negative regulation of feeding behavior • positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion • GO:1903363 negative regulation of protein catabolic process • positive regulation of cell migration • acute-phase response • regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process • negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway • endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process • positive regulation of cell growth • negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process • GO:1903106 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway • glucose metabolic process • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response • negative regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • glucose homeostasis • positive regulation of cell population proliferation • fatty acid homeostasis • GO:0051247, GO:0051200 positive regulation of protein metabolic process • regulation of transmembrane transporter activity • negative regulation of gluconeogenesis • negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process • regulation of protein localization • GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process • Metabolisme karbohidrat • negative regulation of proteolysis • alpha-beta T cell activation • positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus • positive regulation of glucose import • GO:1901047 insulin receptor signaling pathway • GO:1901313 positive regulation of gene expression • regulation of signaling receptor activity • positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction • regulation of synaptic plasticity • kognisi • positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation • positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance • regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane • negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process • neuron projection maintenance • response to L-arginine • GO:0072468 signal transduction Sumber:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolog
Spesies	Manusia	Tikus
Entrez	3630	16334
Ensembl	ENSG00000254647	ENSMUSG00000000215
UniProt	P01308	P01326
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000207 NM_001185097 NM_001185098 NM_001291897	NM_001185083 NM_001185084 NM_008387
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000198 NP_001172026 NP_001172027 NP_001278826 NP_000198.1 NP_001172026.1 NP_001172027.1 NP_001278826.1 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198	NP_001172012 NP_001172013 NP_032413
Lokasi (UCSC)	Chr 11: 2.16 – 2.16 Mb	Chr 7: 142.23 – 142.3 Mb
Pencarian PubMed	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
Lihat/Sunting Manusia Lihat/Sunting Tikus

Model struktur insulin
Merah: karbon; hijau: oksigen; biru: nitrogen; merah muda: sulfur. Pita biru/ungu merupakan kerangka [-N-C-C-]n dalam sekuens asam amino H-[-NH-CHR-CO-]n-OH protein tersebut, dengan R merupakan bagian yang menonjol dari kerangka tersebut pada setiap asam amino.

Insulin menyebabkan sel (biologi) pada otot dan adiposit menyerap glukosa dari sirkulasi darah melalui transporter glukosa GLUT1 dan GLUT4[5] dan menyimpannya sebagai glikogen di dalam hati dan otot sebagai sumber energi.

Kadar insulin yang rendah akan mengurangi penyerapan glukosa dan tubuh akan mulai menggunakan lemak sebagai sumber energi.

Insulin digunakan dalam pengobatan beberapa jenis diabetes mellitus. Pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 1 bergantung pada insulin eksogen (disuntikkan ke bawah kulit/subkutan) untuk keselamatannya karena kekurangan absolut hormon tersebut; pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 memiliki tingkat produksi insulin rendah atau kebal insulin, dan kadang kala membutuhkan pengaturan insulin bila pengobatan lain tidak cukup untuk mengatur kadar glukosa darah.