Majelis Romawi
Majelis Romawi adalah sebuah lembaga (institusi) di Romawi kuno. Lembaga ini merupakan motor utama dari badan legislatif Romawi, yang secara teoretis mengesahkan undang-undang. Karena majelis ini bersifat demokrasi langsung, warga biasa dan perwakilan yang tidak dipilih, akan mewakilkan semua suara.
Kekaisaran Romawi | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 SM–476/1453 M | |||||||||||
 Vexillum dengan aquila dan inisialisme negara Romawi
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 Wilayah terluas Kekaisaran Romawi pada 117 M.[2] | |||||||||||
| Status | Kekaisaran | ||||||||||
| Ibu kota | Roma adalah satu-satunya ibukota politik sampai tahun 266 M Ada beebrapa pusat politik selama masa Tetrarki sementara Romawi terus menjadi ibukota nominal, kebudayaan, dan idologi. Konstantinus mendirikan ulang kota Konstantinopel sebagai ibukota baru kekaisaran pada tahun.[3] Mediolanum (Milan) adalah padanan abratnya selama pembagian barat/Timur yang semakin sering. Ibukota Kekaisaran Barat kemudian dipindahkan ke Ravenna. | ||||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Latin, Yunani | ||||||||||
| Agama | Agama tradisional Romawi, Kultus imperial, Agama Helenistik (sampai tahun 380) Kristen (sejak tahun 380) | ||||||||||
| Pemerintahan | Autokrasi | ||||||||||
| Kaisar | |||||||||||
• 27 SM–14 M | Augustus | ||||||||||
• 378–395 | Theodosius I | ||||||||||
• 475–476 / 1449–1453 | Romulus Augustus / Konstantinus XI | ||||||||||
| Konsul | |||||||||||
| Legislatif | Senat Romawi | ||||||||||
| Era Sejarah | Antikuitas klasik | ||||||||||
| 2 September 31 SM | |||||||||||
| 27 SM | |||||||||||
• Diokletianus membagi administrasi Imperial antara Barat dan Timur | 285 | ||||||||||
| 330 | |||||||||||
• Kematian Theodosius Agung, diikuti oleh pembagian permanen Kekaisaran menjadi paruh barat dan timur | 395 | ||||||||||
| 476/1453 M | |||||||||||
| Luas | |||||||||||
| 25 SM[4][5] | 2.750.000 km2 (1.060.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| 50[4] | 4.200.000 km2 (1.600.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| 117[4] | 6.500.000 km2 (2.500.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| 390 [4] | 4.400.000 km2 (1.700.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Populasi | |||||||||||
| 56800000 | |||||||||||
• 117[4] | 88000000 | ||||||||||
| Mata uang | (a) 27 SM – 212 M: 1 aureus emas (1/40 pon emas, didevaluasi menjadi 1/50 pon pada tahun 212) = 25 denarius perang = 100 sestertius perunggu = 400 as tembaga. (b) 294–312: 1 aureus solidus emas (1/60 pon emas) = 10 'argenteus perak = 40 folles perunggu = 1,000 denarius logam rendah (c) sejak tahun 312: 1 solidus emas (1/72 pon emas) = 24 siliqua perak = 180 folles perunggu | ||||||||||
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| Sekarang bagian dari | Countries today
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* Peristiwa ini menandai akhir Kekaisaran Romawi Barat (286–476)[7] dan Kekaisaran Romawi Timur (330–1453),. | |||||||||||
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Catatan kaki
- Since classical and modern concepts of state do not coincide, other possibilities include Res publica Romana, Imperium Romanum or Romanorum (also in Greek: Βασιλείᾱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων – Basileíā tôn Rhōmaíōn – ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom') of the Romans"]) and Romania. Res publica, as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while Imperium Romanum (or, sometimes, Romanorum) is used to refer to the territorial extent of Roman authority. Populus Romanus, "the Roman people", is often used for the Roman state dealing with other nations. The term Romania, initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as the collectivity of its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was eventually carried over to the Byzantine Empire. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: Speculum, 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 (pp. 2–3).)
Referensi
- Bennett, J. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 1997. Fig. 1
- Bennett, J. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 1997. Fig. 1
- Constantine I (306–337 AD) oleh Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 2004-1-8. Diakses pada 2007-3-20.
- Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. Duke University Press. 3 (3/4): 125. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, 1977, HLM. 253–296.
- John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, 1977, HLM. 253–296.
- "Roman Empire – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". www.britannica.com. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-09.
Referensi
- Frank Frost Abbott (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
- John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5
- Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7
- J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212, 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4
- Donald R. Dudley, The Civilization of Rome, 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0
- Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9
- Freeman, Charles (1999). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-88515-0.
- Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1789
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Punic Wars, Cassell & Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0
- Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X
- Benjamin Isaac, "The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East" Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-814926-3
- Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9
- Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-2158-4
- Reid, T. R. (1997). "The World According to Rome". National Geographic. 192 (2): 54–83.
- Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Roman Empire.
- Adena, L. The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century, Clio History Journal, 2008.
- Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany
- BBC Romans for Children Diarsipkan 2009-04-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Classics Unveiled
- Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100 Diarsipkan 2010-05-19 di Wayback Machine.
- Detailed history of the Roman Empire
- Historical Atlas (Swedish)
- Roman Numismatic Gallery
- The Celts and Romans
- The Roman Empire
- The Roman Empire in the First Century from PBS
- UNRV Roman History
- The Romans
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