Nepenthes mirabilis
Nepenthes mirabilis (/n[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈpɛnθiːz mɪˈræb[invalid input: 'ɨ']lɪs/; dari bahasa Latin: mirabilis = indah), atau Kantong semar rawa umum,[11] adalah spesies tumbuhan karnivora. Sejauh ini penyebarannya paling luas dari semua spesies Nepenthes, meliputi wilayah Asia Tenggara dan pulau-pulau utama Kepulauan Melayu (kecuali Kepulauan Sunda Kecil dan Filipina utara), yang membentang dari Tiongkok di utara ke Australia di selatan.[12] Spesies ini memiliki banyak varietas di seluruh penyebarannya. Salah satu varietas yang paling penting dari yang lain, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, endemik di Brunei dan Sarawak dan memiliki sebuah peristom yang sangat luas.[13]
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Nama Informal
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Status konservasi N. mirabilis terdaftar sebagai Risiko Rendah pada 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[14] Di Hong Kong, spesies ini dilindungi berdasarkan Peraturan Kehutanan Cap. 96A.
Menurut Matthew Jebb dan Martin Cheek, kantong N. mirabilis digunakan sebagai mainan pada koteka di Papua Nugini.
Penyebaran
Nepenthes mirabilis memiliki penyebaran terluas dari seluruh spesies Nepenthes dan dikenal dari negara-negara dan kawasan berikut: Australia (Semenanjung York), Borneo, Kamboja, Kepulauan Caroline (Palau dan Yap), Tiongkok (Provinsi Guangdong, Hainan,[15][16] Hong Kong, dan Macau), Kepulauan D'Entrecasteaux, Pulau Jawa, Laos, Kepulauan Louisiade, Kepulauan Maluku, Myanmar, Papua Nugini, Semenanjung Malaysia, Filipina (Dinagat dan Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, dan Vietnam.[12][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Spesies ini juga telah dicatat dari banyak pulau-pulau kecil, termasuk Babi, Bangka, Pulau Banyak, Pulau Batu, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Kepulauan Mentawai (Pagai Utara, Siberut, Sipura, dan Pagai Selatan), Kepulauan Meranti (Padang, Rangsang, dan Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Kepulauan Riau (Pulau Lingga dan Kepulauan Riau), Rupat,[24] Tawi-Tawi,[25] dan mungkin Wowoni.[26]
Taksonomi
Nepenthes mirabilis berkaitan erat dengan N. rowanae dan N. tenax, dua spesies Nepenthes yang endemik di Australia.
| Ciri-ciri | N. mirabilis | N. rowanae |
|---|---|---|
| Morfologi helai daun | Halus membulat | Mengerut menuju ujung, kemudian berlanjut dengan sepanjang sulur yang sempit, halus, dan memanjang |
| Penyisipan sulur ke helai daun | Sederhana | Memerisai |
| Sayap kantong | Sederhana, elemen bantalan pinggiran multiseluler | Sering rata di bagian depan, membentuk bentuk T dan XS, sering terdapat elemen pinggiran multiseluler |
| Tekstur helai daun | Biasanya melontar | Sangat menjangat |
| Lampiran helai daun batang | Sederhana, atau jarang memanjang untuk ⅓ panjang ruas | Memanjang setidaknya ½ panjang ruas, biasanya lebih |
| Massa jenis kelenjar di bagian bawah kantong | 1600-2500/cm² | Sekitar 3600/cm² |
| Posisi pangkal kantong pada kantong atas | Jalan sedang, dibawah ½ kantong | Diatas ¼ kantong |
| Posisi pangkal kantong pada kantong bawah | Dibawah ¾ kantong | Dibawah peristom |
Dalam Database Tumbuhan Karnivora-nya, ahli taksonomi Jan Schlauer memperlakukan N. kongkandana sebagai sinonim dari ‘’N. mirabilis’’[27]
Taksa bawah jenis
Di tempat penyebarannya, N. mirabilis menunjukkan variabilitas yang besar dalam morfologi dan warna kantong, dan memiliki paling banyak sinonim dari semua spesies Nepenthes.[28] Berikut bentuk dan jenis N. mirabilis yang telah dideskripsikan. Dengan pengecualian dari N. mirabilis var. echinostoma dan N. mirabilis var. globosa, taksa ini tidak dianggap sah saat ini.
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)[29]
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
Kantong atas N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma ditemukan oleh Odoardo Beccari pada tahun 1865 dan dideskripsikan sebagai spesies dengan nama latin N. echinostoma, oleh Joseph Dalton Hooker pada tahun 1873.[11] Pada tahun 1882, Frederick William Burbidge mendeskripsikan varietas tak biasa ini dalam The Gardener' Chronicle sebagai berikut:[11][30]
N. echinostoma singular Beccari (vide Herb. Kew) adalah spesies yang indah, yang belum dikenal sebelumnya, saya kira tak terlihat oleh Beccari! Mulut kantong mengingatkan salah satu gigi defleksi beberapa lumut raksasa bagian hipnoid.
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma adalah satu-satunya bentuk spesies yang terdapat di Brunei. Spesies ini juga telah dicatat di Sarawak, tetapi tampaknya benar-benar tidak ada di Sabah.[11]
N. mirabilis var. globosa
Kantong bawah budidaya N. mirabilis var. globosa
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Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa telah dicatat dari Pulau Laut Andaman yang terisolasi, Phang Nga, dan dari daratan Thailand dekat kota Trang.[12][29]
Varietas ini adalah fitur pada sampul Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society edisi Januari 2006, diidentifikasi sebagai "Nepenthes sp. dari Thailand".[31] Nama Nepenthes globosa muncul dalam sebuah artikel oleh Shigeo Kurata, Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society pada bulan Juli 2007.[8] Masalah yang sama juga terdapat dalam sebuah artikel oleh Masahiro Tada yang disebut sebagai "Nepenthes Viking".[10] Sebelum dideskripsikan oleh Marcello Catalano pada tahun 2010, takson ini juga diterbitkan di bawah informal dengan nama Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga dalam buku Stewart McPherson tahun 2009, Pitcher Plants of the Old World.[12]
Dalam perdagangan hortikultura, varietas ini dikenal baik sebagai Nepenthes globosa[12] (/n[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈpɛnθiːz ɡloʊˈboʊzə/; dari bahasa Latin: globosus, "bola") dan Nepenthes sp. Viking,[12][32] setelah kemiripan kantong dengan haluan kapal Viking.[33]
Infauna kantong
Sejumlah besar organisme infauna telah ditemukan dalam kantong spesies ini. Organisme ini adalah lalat sarkofagid Sarcophaga papuensis dan tungau Nepenthacarus warreni, yang keduanya telah ditemukan pada populasi tumbuhan Australia.[34][35] Demikian pula, nyamuk Aedes dybasi dan Aedes maehleri berada dalam kantong N. mirabilis pada pulau Palau dan Yap.[36] Keduanya memiliki sejarah kehidupan yang tidak biasa dan sifat-sifat morfologi yang terkait dengan habitat ini.[37][38]
Nematoda Baujardia mirabilis telah dideskripsikan dari N. mirabilis di Thailand. Organisme ini tidak dianggap sebuah kebetulan; kantong spesies ini tampaknya habitat alami nematoda ini. Mikroekosistem dalam kantong tersebut ditemukan didominasi oleh larva nyamuk, nyamuk, dan B. mirabilis. Hal ini membuat spekulasi bahwa nematoda ini mungkin memiliki hubungan foretik dengan satu atau lebih spesies serangga infauna.[39]
Di Tiongkok selatan, katak pohon telah diamati dalam kantong N. mirabilis. Amfibi ini tidak menjadi mangsa tumbuhan, melainkan memakan serangga yang tertangkap oleh kantong.[40] Amfibi ini tidak terpengaruh oleh cairan pencernaan yang bersifat asam (yang mungkin memiliki pH serendah 2), mungkin karena lapisan luar kulit berlendir dari spesies ini.[41]
Catatan pertama dari jamur air hidup di organ kantong tumbuhan karnivora yang berasal dari spesimen N. mirabilis yang tumbuh di sepanjang Sungai Jardine Australia. Jamur miselium itu teramati karena keduanya hidup bebas dalam cairan perangkap dan melekat pada serangga berkitin tetap.[42][43]
Kantong N. mirabilis juga telah ditemukan sebagai pelabuhan komunitas bakteri yang kompleks.[44] Komunitas-komunitas bakteri tampaknya lebih beragam daripada yang ditemukan dalam cairan kantong N. ampullaria dan N. gracilis simpatrik di Semenanjung Malaysia.[45] Komposisi dalam N. mirabilis juga dapat berbeda secara signifikan sesuai dengan jenis kantong, sesuatu yang tidak terlihat pada dua spesies lainnya.[45]
Hibrida alami
Nepenthes mirabilis memiliki jumlah hibrida alami terbanyak dari spesies apapun dalam genus Nepenthes.[12]
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya][46]
- N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][47][48]
- N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][13]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][49]
- N. andamana × N. mirabilis[50] (yaitu N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa)[50]
- N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[51]
- N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis[12] (yaitu N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)[13]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[13]
- N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][12][13][52]
- N. insignis × N. mirabilis[53]
- N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis[50]
- N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis[50]
- N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis[12]
- N. mirabilis × N. northiana[54][55]
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[13] (yaitu N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)[55]
- N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana[55]
- N. mirabilis × N. rowanae[56]
- N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[57]
- N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[51]
- N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana[12]
- N. mirabilis × N. tenax[12]
- N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[57][58][59][60]
- N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana[12]
N. benstonei × N. mirabilis
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis
N. mirabilis × N. northiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana
? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii
? N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana
Catatan
- a.^Nepenthes mirabilis pertama kali dideskripsikan di bawah sistem taksonomi Linnaeus sebagai Phyllamphora mirabilis oleh João de Loureiro pada tahun 1790. Spesies ini kemudian dipindahkan ke genus Nepenthes berdasarkan kesalahan kombinasi Nepenthes phyllamphora oleh Carl Ludwig Willdenow pada tahun 1805. Sebagian besar sumber[12][13][48][51][61] mengatribusi publikasi awal dengan binomial yang benar—Nepenthes mirabilis—kepada George Claridge Druce pada tahun 1916,[62] tetapi Database Tumbuhan Karnivora karya Jan Schlauer tercatat mempublikasikan jauh lebih awal oleh Rafarin pada tahun 1869.[63]
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