February 1963

The following events occurred in February 1963:

February 14, 1963: Syncom 1 becomes the first geosynchronous satellite, but is damaged beyond repair
February 5, 1963: Canada's Prime Minister Diefenbaker loses vote of confidence
February 21, 1963: Telstar becomes first satellite destroyed by radiation
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February 1, 1963 (Friday)
  • Middle East Airlines Flight 265, with 14 people on board, was struck by a Turkish Air Force C-47 airplane with 3 people, as the airliner was descending for a landing at the airport in Ankara. Plunging from an altitude of 7,000 feet (2,100 m), the wreckage of Flight 265 fell into Ulas Square, killing another 87 people and injuring 200.[1][2]
  • A convent school collapsed in the town of Biblián, in Ecuador, during chapel services during a heavy rainfall. An estimated 450 people, mostly schoolgirls, were buried in the rubble, and 104 were killed.[3]
  • Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Manager, Mercury Project Office, reported the cancellation of a peroxide expulsion experiment previously planned for the Mercury-Atlas 9 mission. Kleinknecht noted the zodiacal light experiment would proceed and that the astronaut's gloves were being modified to facilitate camera operation.[4]

February 2, 1963 (Saturday)
  • The world record for the pole vault was broken by Pentti Nikula of Finland, after having been held by a succession of Americans for almost 35 years. Nikula cleared the bar at 4.94 meters (16 feet, 8+3⁄4 inches) using a fiberglass pole.[5]
  • General Ivan Serov was dismissed from his job as Director of the GRU and replaced by Pyotr Ivashutin.[6]
  • South Korea's Democratic Republican Party was founded by Kim Jong-pil.[7] Kim was forced into exile three weeks later, on February 24.[8]
  • The Beatles went on tour at the bottom of an eight-act bill headed by 16-year-old singer Helen Shapiro.[9]
  • Born: Eva Cassidy, American singer, in Washington, D.C. (died 1996)[10]
  • Died: Patrick Kerwin, 73, Chief Justice of Canada since 1954.[11]

February 3, 1963 (Sunday)
  • In the Nicaraguan general election, evidence of massive impending fraud caused the Traditional Conservative Party, led by Fernando Agüero Rocha, to abandon its loyalist stance and to call for a boycott of the 1963 elections.[12] The result was a victory for René Schick Gutiérrez, considered a puppet of Luis Somoza and the Somoza family that had ruled since 1932.
  • On orders from Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, Operation Coldstore was carried out in Singapore, with the arrest of more than 150 journalists, labor and student leaders, and members of political parties that opposed Lee's People's Action Party (PAP). The detainees were kept at the Outram Road Prison for three months; with the leaders of the Barisan Sosialis and other parties forced out of campaigning, the PAP would capture 2/3rds of the seats in the parliamentary elections, and maintain control thereafter.[13]
  • Canadian Minister of National Defence Douglas Harkness resigned in disagreement over the nuclear policies of Prime Minister Diefenbaker, triggering the collapse of the rest of the ministry.[14]

February 4, 1963 (Monday)
  • The SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a tanker with a crew of 39 and a cargo of molten sulphur, was heard from for the last time, two days after its departure from Beaumont, Texas en route to Norfolk, Virginia. Contact between the ship and its owner, Marine Transport Lines, Inc., was lost and the ship was reported missing two days later.[15] Debris from the tanker washed ashore in Florida, but a search by U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy airplanes did not locate the ship.[16] The story of the disappearance of the tanker would first be described as a casualty of the "Bermuda Triangle" in the Argosy magazine article (by Vincent Gaddis in its February 1964 issue) "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle", although an investigating panel concluded that the ship, structurally unsound and burdened by its heavy cargo, broke in half during a storm.[17]
  • The UK Football Association decided to postpone the fifth and sixth rounds of the 1962–63 FA Cup because of delays caused by the severe winter.[18]

February 5, 1963 (Tuesday)
  • The Canadian House of Commons voted 142-111 in favor of a resolution of no confidence in the government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker.[19] Parliament was dissolved the next day by Governor-General George Vanier, and elections were scheduled for April 8.
  • The U.S. Department of State made travel by United States citizens to Cuba illegal on a decision by President John F. Kennedy, in addition to bans on financial and commercial transactions with the Communist nation in the Caribbean.[20]
  • Manned Spacecraft Center officials announced a delay of the MA-9 scheduled flight date due to electrical wiring problems in the Atlas launch vehicle control system.[4]
  • From February 5 to 14, personnel of the Manned Spacecraft Center visited the McDonnell plant in St. Louis to conduct a spacecraft status review. Units being inspected were Mercury spacecrafts 15B and 20. In addition, the status of the Gemini Simulator Instructor Console was assessed. With regard to the spacecraft inspection portion, a number of modifications had been made that would affect the simulator trainers. On spacecraft 15B, 15 modifications were made to the control panel and interior, including the relocation of the water separator lights, the addition of water spray and radiation experiment switches and a retropack battery switch. The exterior of the spacecraft underwent changes as well, involving such modifications as electrical connections and redesign of the fuel system for the longer mission. The reviewers found that spacecraft 20 conformed closely to the existing simulator configuration, so that modifications to the simulator were unnecessary.[4]
  • Died:
    • Abd el-Krim, 77, Moroccan nationalist who fought for independence against France and Britain after Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1911
    • Barnum Brown, 90, American paleontologist who discovered the first documented Tyrannosaurus rex remains in 1902.[21]

February 6, 1963 (Wednesday)
  • U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara appeared at a nationally televised press conference from the White House to show proof, with photographs from U-2 spy planes, that all offensive missiles had been removed from Cuba.[22]
  • Died: Piero Manzoni, 29, Italian artist, of a heart attack[23]

February 7, 1963 (Thursday)

February 8, 1963 (Friday)

February 9, 1963 (Saturday)

February 10, 1963 (Sunday)
  • Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Kyūshū were merged to become the city of Kitakyūshū, with a population of more than one million.[35]
  • U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, taking up a challenge made by his brother, the President, for U.S. Marines to meet Teddy Roosevelt's standard for hiking 50 miles within three days, completed the distance in 17 hours and 50 minutes.[36]
  • Born: Smiley Culture, British reggae singer and DJ, as David Victor Emmanuel in South London (died 2011)[37]

February 11, 1963 (Monday)
Julia Child [38]

February 12, 1963 (Tuesday)
  • All 43 people on Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 were killed when the Boeing 720 broke up in mid-air during a severe thunderstorm shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport and crashed into the Florida Everglades. The plane departed from Miami at 1:35 pm local time, bound for Chicago, and was cleared to climb to a higher altitude to avoid a thunderstorm. A 1:48, the plane was broken apart by downdrafts at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and crashed.[46][47]
  • Construction work began on the Gateway Arch at St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The 620-foot (190 m) tall structure, commemorating St. Louis as the "gateway to the West", would be completed on October 28, 1965.[48]
  • Objectives of the Mercury-Atlas 9 (MA-9) crewed 1-day mission were published. This was the ninth flight of a production Mercury spacecraft to be boosted by an Atlas launch vehicle and the sixth crewed United States space flight. According to plans, MA-9 would complete almost 22 orbits and be recovered approximately 70 nautical miles from Midway Island in the Pacific Ocean. Primary objectives of the flight were to evaluate the effects of the space environment on an astronaut after more than 1 but less than 2 days in orbit. During this period, close attention would be given to the astronaut's ability to function as a primary operating system of the spacecraft while in a sustained period of weightlessness. The capability of the spacecraft to perform over the extended period of time would be closely monitored. From postflight information, data would be available from the pilot and the spacecraft to ascertain, to a degree, the feasibility of space flights over a much greater period of time - Project Gemini, for example. In addition, the extended duration of the MA-9 mission provided a check on the effectiveness of the worldwide tracking network that could assist in determining the tracking requirement for the advanced human spaceflight programs.[4]
  • The Manned Spacecraft Center announced a mid-May flight for Mercury-Atlas 9 (MA-9). Originally scheduled for April, the launch date was delayed by a decision to rewire the Mercury-Atlas flight control system, as a result of the launch vehicle checkout at the plant inspection meeting.[4]
  • Born: Jacqueline Woodson, American children's author; in Columbus, Ohio[49]

February 13, 1963 (Wednesday)
  • Residents of the Rwenzori Mountains in the Toro Kingdom region of southwestern Uganda rebelled against the government and declared independence of a state they called the Republic of Ruwenzuru. The Toro independence movement was defeated in 1970, and a majority of the secessionist leaders were murdered in 1972.[50]
  • A 7.3 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Taiwan, near Su-ao, Yilan County.[51] Despite its magnitude, the earthquake killed only three people. The dead were highway workers near Taichung who were buried in an avalanche triggered by the tremor.[52]

February 14, 1963 (Thursday)
  • Syncom 1 was launched from the United States and became the first satellite to be placed into geosynchronous orbit, but failed to function as a communications satellite because its equipment was damaged in the process of being aligned to coincide with the rotation of the Earth.[53][54]

February 15, 1963 (Friday)
  • Television was introduced in Singapore, with one hour per week of programming initially, increasing by April to five hours of programming each weeknight, and 10 hours each on Saturday and Sunday.[60]
  • The Dutch liner Maasdam struck the wreckage of SS Harborough at Bremen, West Germany and was holed. All 230 passengers and 276 crew were rescued by the German ship SS Gotthilf Hagen. The Maasdam had been three days away from inaugurating direct service between West Germany and the United States.[61]
  • The Leonard's M&O Subway (later the Tandy Center Subway), the only privately owned subway in the United States, opened in Fort Worth, Texas.[62] It would cease operations in 2002.

February 16, 1963 (Saturday)

February 17, 1963 (Sunday)

February 18, 1963 (Monday)
  • Mount Agung, a dormant volcano on the Indonesian island of Bali, became active again for the first time in 120 years. Its lava flow would destroy villages in the vicinity and kill more than 1,000 people.[70][71]
  • Between February 18 and 22, the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation reported to the Manned Spacecraft Center on the results of Project Orbit Run 109. This test run completed a 100-hour full-scale simulated mission, less the reaction control system operation, to demonstrate the 1-day mission capability of the Mercury spacecraft. Again, as in earlier runs, the MA-9/20 flight plan served as the guideline, including the use of onboard supplies of electrical power, oxygen, and coolant water, with hardline controls simulating astronaut functions. During the 2-hour prelaunch hold, a small leak was suspected in the secondary oxygen system, but at the end of the hold all systems indicated a "GO" condition and the simulated launch began. System equipment programing started and was recycled at the end of each 22 simulated orbits covering 33 mission hours. Test objectives were attained without any undue difficulty.[4]
  • Born: Fuad Muhammad Syafruddin ("Udin), Indonesian journalist murdered in 1996. The date of his birth was considered unlucky in the Javanese calendar as it fell on a kliwon Monday.[72]

February 19, 1963 (Tuesday)
Friedan

February 20, 1963 (Wednesday)
  • Der Stellvetreter, by West German playwright Rolf Hochhuth, premiered in West Berlin at the Volksbühne. The play, which would be translated into 17 languages (including in English as The Deputy), was described as a revival of documentary theatre and based on the thesis that Pope Pius XII was a participant in the Holocaust by failing to speak out against it; the hero of the work was Kurt Gerstein, the Nazi SS Officer who attempted to make the Pope aware of the genocide.[77]
  • Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Manager, Mercury Project Office, commented on the first anniversary of John Glenn's flight (Mercury-Atlas 6) that 1,144.51 minutes of orbital space time had been logged by the three crewed missions to date. These flights proved that man could perform in a space environment and was an important and integral part of the mission. In addition, the flights proved the design of the spacecraft to be technically sound. With the excellent cooperation extended by the U.S. Department of Defense, other government elements, industry, and academic institutions, a high level of confidence and experience was accrued for the coming Gemini and Apollo projects.[4]
  • The Smithsonian Institution received the Friendship 7 spacecraft (MA-6 Glenn flight) in a formal presentation ceremony from Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, the NASA Deputy Administrator. Astronaut John Glenn presented his flight suit, boots, gloves, and a small American flag that he carried on the mission.[4]
  • In announcing a realignment of the structure of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Director D. Brainerd Holmes named two new deputy directors and outlined a changed reporting structure. Dr. Joseph Francis Shea was appointed Deputy Director for Systems, and George M. Low assumed duties as Deputy Director for Office of Manned Space Flight Programs. Reporting to Dr. Shea would be Director of Systems Studies, Dr. William A. Lee; Director of Systems Engineering, John A. Gautrand; and Director of Integration and Checkout, James E. Sloan. Reporting to Low would be Director of Launch Vehicles, Milton Rosen; Director of Space Medicine, Dr. Charles Roadman; and Director of Spacecraft and Flight Missions, presently vacant. Director of Administration, William E. Lilly, would provide administrative support in both major areas.[4]
  • Born:
  • Died: Ferenc Fricsay, 48, Hungarian-Austrian conductor, stomach cancer[80]

February 21, 1963 (Thursday)
  • Telstar 1, the first privately financed satellite, became the first satellite to be destroyed by radiation. Telstar had been launched from the United States eight months earlier on July 10, 1962, one day after the U.S. had conducted a high altitude nuclear test, and the increased concentration of electrons in the Van Allen radiation belt had caused the communication satellite's transponders to deteriorate.[81]
  • The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party sent a formal letter to the Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee, proposing a summit between the two in order to settle their differences. China would respond favorably on March 9.[82]
  • The Communist government of East Berlin yielded to public protests and reversed a decision to assign graduating students to specific occupations and prohibit them from applying for other lines of work. A week earlier, high schools had been sent "lists containing the name of each pupil and the job that the state authorities had picked for him or her" as part of the national requirement of one year of manual labor prior to being able to attend a university. Teachers, students and parents had sent letters of criticism. Neues Deutschland, the official newspaper of East Germany's ruling communist organization, the Socialist Unity Party, announced the rescission of the order and criticized it as "bureaucratic, narrow-minded and schematic".[83]
  • A 5.3 magnitude earthquake destroyed the city of Al Maraj, Libya. The quake lasted for 15 seconds, collapsed 70 percent of the town's buildings, killed more than 300 people, and left 12,000 homeless.[84][85]
  • Gordon Cooper and Alan Shepard, pilot and backup pilot, respectively, for the Mercury-Atlas 9 (MA-9) mission, received a 1-day briefing on all experiments approved for the flight. Also at this time, all hardware and operational procedures to handle the experiments were established.[4]
  • The McDonnell Aircraft Corporation notified the Manned Spacecraft Center that the ultra high frequency transceivers were being prepared for the astronaut when in the survival raft. During tests of these components, an effective range of 5 miles (8.0 km) to 10 miles (16 km) had been anticipated, but the actual average range recorded by flyovers was 12 miles (19 km). Later, some faults were discovered in the flyover monitoring equipment, so that with adjustments the average range output was approximately 20 miles (32 km).[4]
  • Klein's Sporting Goods of Chicago received a shipment of Mannlicher–Carcano rifles from Crescent Firearms Company of New York, including rifle #C2766, which would be used to kill John F. Kennedy.[86]

February 22, 1963 (Friday)
The Medal
  • The Presidential Medal of Freedom was established by Executive Order 11085 from U.S. President Kennedy, for the stated purpose of honoring "any person who has made an especially meritorious contribution" in one of three categories, "the security or national interests of the United States", "world peace", or "cultural or other significant public or private endeavors".
  • China and Pakistan signed an agreement to settle the 280-mile-long border between China's Xinjiang region and Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan area, with 775 square miles being relinquished by China to Pakistan.[87]
  • The fictional cartoon character Pebbles Flintstone was "born" in an episode of the cartoon The Flintstones called "The Blessed Event".[88]
  • Born: Devon Malcolm, Jamaican-English cricketer, in Kingston

February 23, 1963 (Saturday)
  • General Ne Win, the President of Burma, ordered the nationalization of all that country's banks. At 1:00 in the afternoon, tanks were sent to the various financial institutions in Rangoon and the private management was forced by troops to relinquish the vaults to the Army.[89][90]
  • Canadian politician Marcel Chaput called a press conference to announce the opening of the office of the Parti républicain du Québec (PRQ).
  • Manned Spacecraft Center checkout and special hardware installation at Cape Canaveral on spacecraft 20 were scheduled for completion as of this date. However, work tasks were extended for a 2-week period because of the deletion of certain experimental hardware - zero g experiment and new astronaut couch. In addition, some difficulties were experienced while testing the space reaction control system and environmental control system.[4]
  • Died: Robert Leroy Cochran, 77, American politician and 24th Governor of Nebraska

February 24, 1963 (Sunday)

February 25, 1963 (Monday)
  • The Japanese ferry Tokiwa Maru sank less than 10 minutes after colliding with a much larger Japanese cargo ship, Richmond Maru off Kobe, killing 47 of the 66 people on board. The ferry disaster was one of four fatal ship accidents in a 24 hour period. In the other accidents, The Greek ore carrier SS Aegli capsized in a storm and sank in the Aegean Sea with the loss of 18 of her 22 crew; the four survivors were able to swim to nearby islands. An unidentified Japanese fishing boat and its 11 crew sank in a storm in the East China Sea, and four persons on the Italian oil tanker Miraflores were killed in a fiery collision on the Scheldt River with the British tanker Abadesa.[96][97]
  • Born: Joseph Edward Duncan, American serial killer; in Tacoma, Washington (died 2021)[98]

February 26, 1963 (Tuesday)
  • Armenian-born U.S. inventor Luther Simjian received a patent for his invention of the "Bankograph", a depository machine for receiving and accurately recording (using optical character recognition) deposits of checks, currency and coins and providing a receipt for the customer. U.S. Patent 3,079,603 had been applied for on June 30, 1963. Although the Bankograph, which had been tested by the City Bank of New York while the patent was pending, did not come into widespread use, some of Simjian's optical recognition technology would be incorporated for automated banking.[99]

February 27, 1963 (Wednesday)

February 28, 1963 (Thursday)
  • Chicago Alderman Benjamin F. Lewis of the 24th Ward, the first African-American to be elected to the Chicago City Council from the ward, was found murdered at his office in the 24th Ward's Democratic Party headquarters, two days after being overwhelmingly re-elected to a second term. Lewis had been handcuffed and then shot four times in the back of his head.[103][104] The murder was never solved.[105]
  • Dorothy Schiff resigned from the New York Newspaper Publisher's Association, saying that the city needed at least one paper operating during the newspaper strike. Her newspaper, the New York Post, would resume publication on March 4.[106]
  • American comedian Lenny Bruce was convicted by a jury in a Chicago municipal court on charges of obscenity arising from his profanity-laced performance at the Gate of Horn nightclub on December 5.[107]
  • Died: Rajendra Prasad, 78, the first President of India, who served from 1950 to 1962[108]

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  3. "104 Killed At Prayer In Ecuador". Miami News. February 2, 1963. p. 1.
  4. This article incorporates text from a publication in the public domain: Grimwood, James M. "PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
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  88. "Pebbles Flintstone Arrives Tonight", Miami News, February 22, 1963, p13
  89. Crozier, Brian (1966). South-East Asia in Turmoil. Taylor & Francis. p. 166.
  90. Sen, Krishna; Lee, Terence (2007). Political Regimes and the Media in East Asia: Continuities, Contradictions and Change. Routledge. p. 109.
  91. "Monaco Women Vote For The First Time", UPI report in Indianapolis Star, February 25, 1963, p. 2
  92. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1357 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  93. CPI Inflation Calculator
  94. "Tiny Lund Wins Race at Daytona", Minneapolis (MN) Morning Tribune, February 25, 1963, p. 22
  95. "Swede, 19, First in Speed Skating— Nilsson, Setting 2 Records Wins Men's World Title", The New York Times (western edition), February 25, 1963, p. 18
  96. "4 Ship Disasters Around World Take 85 Lives; Japanese Ferry Collides with Freighter, Sinks", AP report in Scranton (PA) Times-Tribune, February 26, 1963, p. 2
  97. "Japanese Ferry Disaster". The Times. No. 56635. London. 26 February 1963. col D, p. 10.
  98. "Convicted serial killer who murdered 10-year-old Beaumont boy 24 years ago dies in Indiana". District Attorney of Riverside County. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  99. "Depository machine combined with image recording means", U.S. Patent No. 3,079,603
  100. G. Pope Atkins and Larman C. Wilson, The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism (University of Georgia Press, 1998) pp129-130
  101. Ali Ashgar Shamim (1966). Iran in the Reign of His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Kayhan Press. p. 196.
  102. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-85011-029-6.
  103. "Hunt Ald. Lewis' Slayer; 24th Ward Killing Linked to Gaming", Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1963, p. 1
  104. "Politician Handcuffed, Slain in Chicago Office", Long Beach (CA) Press Telegram, February 28, 1963, p1
  105. John M. Hagedorn, A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture (University of Minnesota Press, 2008) p75
  106. The Illustrated London News. Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited. 1963. p. 336.
  107. "Bruce Guilty of Obscenity", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 1, 1963, p. 1
  108. Madras (India : State) (1963). Fort Saint George Gazette. p. 732.
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